Disaster-and-Disaster-Risk.pptx hhhhhhhhh

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1. DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK

2. Disaster - a sudden, calamitous event, bringing great damage loss, destruction and devastation to life and property (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center – ADPC, 2012). - a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of the affected people to cope, using their human resources (Adelman, 2011).

3. Disaster Risk - the probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of its nature, construction and proximity to a hazardous area (ADPC, 2012).

4. Nature of Disasters Natural Disasters - These originate from the different “forces” of nature (geological, meteorological, hydrometeorological, and biological). Human-made Disasters - These disasters occur due to people’s actions against human, material and environment. These include transport and industrial accidents, such as air and train crashes, chemical spills, and building collapses.

5. Natural Types of Disasters Agricultural Diseases and Pests Storm Surge El Ni ño Earthquakes Hurricanes and Tropical Storms Landslide and Debris Flow Thunderstorms and Lightning Tornadoes Tsunamis Wildfires Sinkholes Emergency Diseases Extreme Heat Floods and Flash Floods La Ni ña

6. Human- made and Technological Types of Disasters Hazardous Materials Power Service Disruption and Blackout Nuclear Power Plant and Nuclear Blast Radiological Emergencies Chemical Treat and Biological Weapons Cyber Attacks Explosion Civil Unrest

7. RISK Factors Underlying Disasters

8. Severity Exposure The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems. At highest risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next are those in close contact with victims. At lower risk of lasting impact are those who only had indirect exposure such as news of the severe damage. Injury and life threat are the factors that lead most often to mental health problems.

9. Gender and Family Almost always, women or girls suffer more negative effects than do men or boys. Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home. Women with spouses also experience more distress during recovery. Having a family member in the home who is extremely distressed is related to more stress for everyone.

10. Age Adults who are in the age range of 40 – 60 are likely to be more distressed after disasters. The thinking is that if one is in that age range, he/she has more demands from job and family.

11. Developing Countries There is a strong body of evidence that these risk factors can be made worse if the disaster occurs in a developing country. Disasters in developing countries, like the Philippines, have more severe mental health impact than do disasters in developed countries. This is true with less serious disasters.

12. Low/Negative Social Support The support of others can be both a risk and a resilience factor. Social support can weaken after disasters. This may be due to stress and the need for the members of the support network to get on their own lives. Sometimes, the responses from other disaster victims rely on for support are negative.

13. Other Factors specific to the Survivor Several factors related to a survivor’s background and resources are important for recovery from disaster. Recovery is worse if survivors: Were not functioning well before the disaster 2. Have had no experience dealing with disasters 3. Must deal with other stressors after the disaster 4. Have poor self-esteem 5. Think they are uncared for by the others 6. Think they have little control over what happens to them 7. Lack the capacity to manage stress

14. Other Factors specific to the Survivor Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes: Bereavement Injury to self or another family member Life threat Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster Being separated from family Great loss of property Displacement

15. Effects of Natural Disasters on human Life

16. Displaced Populations One of the most immediate effects of natural disasters is population displacement. When countries are ravaged by earthquakes or other powerful forces of nature like floods and super typhoons, many people have to abandon their homes and seek shelter to other regions. A large influx of refugees can disrupt accessibility of health care and education, as well as food supplies and clean water.

17. Health Risks Aside from the obvious immediate danger that natural disasters present, the secondary effects can be just as damaging. Severe flooding can result in stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Dengue fever is another serious health problem caused by mosquitoes. Without emergency relief from international aid organizations and others, death tolls can rise even after the immediate danger has passed.

18. Food Scarcity After natural disasters, food can often become scarce. Thousands of people around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought. As a result, food prices rise, reducing families’ purchasing power and increasing the risk of severe malnutrition. The impacts of hunger following an earthquake can be tremendous, causing lifelong damage to children’s development.

19. Emotional Aftershocks Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children. Confronted with scenes of destruction and deaths of friends and loved ones, many children developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma. Left untreated, children suffering from PTSD can be prone to lasting psychological damage and emotional distress.

20. How and when an event becomes a disaster? An event, either human-made or natural, becomes a disaster when it is sudden or progressive, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses.

21. Areas/ locations exposed to hazards

22. Exposed to Natural Hazards Areas/Locations Exposed to Coastal Areas Storm Surge, Tsunami or Tidal Waves Reclaimed Areas Flooding, Sinkhole Near Fault Lines Earthquake On foot of Denuded Mountains Mudslide/Landslide Near Volcanoes (Danger Zones) Volcanic Eruption – pyroclastic materials, lahar flow, lava flow, and ash fall River banks and Esteros Flooding, Flash Floods Open Fields Thunderstorm, Hailstorm, Blizzard

23. Exposed to Man-made Hazards Areas/Locations Exposed to Near Oil Depots Oil Spill, Pollution Near Mining Projects Toxic Waste – heavy metal, lead mercury, nitric acid, etc Near Chemical Plants Chemical fumes, chemical waste Near Nuclear Plants Nuclear waste, possible technical failure, leaks, or worse accidental explosion Near Factories Factory waste, Pollution Unsafe Building Structure Fire Public Places in Mega Cities Terrorism

24. Disaster from different perspective

25. Physical Perspective a phenomenon that can cause damage to physical elements such as buildings, infrastructures, including people and their properties, e.g. houses and environmental sources of living. Physical effects are most visible and quantifiable effects of a disaster. How many families are affected? How many houses are damaged or washed out? How many buildings collapsed or are damaged? How may roads, bridges, dams and other infrastructure are damaged? What is the extent of damage in agricultural industry?

26. Psychological Perspective A disaster is regarded as an occurrence involving an unexpected or uncontrollable event rather than a long – term experience. Psychological research has shown that disasters can cause serious mental health consequences for victims. These consequences take the form of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and a variety of other disorders and systems which have been less investigated. Hence, one very important component of the recovery phase, aside from relief services is debriefing or psychological support system.

27. Psychological Perspective EMOTIONAL EFFECTS – shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger, guilt, grief or sadness, numbing, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar activities, difficulty feeling happy, difficulty feeling loved. COGNITIVE EFFECTS – impaired concentration, impaired decision – making ability, memory impairment, disbelief, confusion, nightmares, decreased self-esteem, decreased self – efficacy, self – blame, intrusive thoughts, memories dissociation (e.g. tunel vision, dramlike , or spacey feeling)

28. Psychological Perspective PHYSICAL EFFECTS – fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, cardiovascular strain, startle response, hyper arousal, increased physical pain, reduced immune response, headaches, gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite, decreased libido, vulnerability to illness. INTERPERSONAL EFFECTS – increased relational conflict, social withdraw, reduced relational intimacy, alienation, impaired work performance, decreased satisfaction, distrust, externalization of blame, externalization of vulnerability, feeling abandoned.

29. Socio-Cultural Perspective What the people living at risk know and do about natural hazards and disaster risks is mediated by a range of factors including social conditions (such as age, gender, wealth and ethnicity) and cultural settings (language, beliefs, traditions, and customs). Hence, from socio-cultural point of view, a disaster is analyzed based on how people respond having as parameter their social conditions and cultural settings. These two factors are important determinants of the degree risk, resilience and vulnerability of those affected.

30. Economic Perspective From an economic perspective, a natural disaster can be defined as a natural event that causes a perturbation to the functioning of the economic system, with a significant negative impact on assets, production factors, output, employment and consumption. One salient component of assessing the impact of disaster from this view is defining direct economic cost and indirect management.

31. Political Perspective From this view, natural disasters are commonly thought to be less contentious than armed conflicts. Yet, a closer look reveals that politics are deeply wedded to both the impact of natural disaster and the subsequent delivery of humanitarian assistance. Political considerations before, during, and after a natural disaster can determine who is at most risk, who can intervene, what actions will be taken, and who will benefit from those actions. Government interventions should be present in the following phases of DRRM : 1. Prevention, 2. Mitigation, 3. Preparedness, and 4. Recovery.

32. Environmental Perspective Disasters not only reveal underlying social, economic, political and environmental problems, but unfortunately contribute to worsening them. Such events pose serious challenges to development, as they erode hard – earned gains in terms of political, social and educational progress, as well as infrastructure and technological development. The Millennium Declaration recognizes the risk of development stemming from disasters and calls on the global community to “ intensify our collective effort to reduce the number and effects of natural hazards and man – made disasters”.