Discussion on Philippine Literature.pptx

Discussion on Philippine Literature

1. Philippine Literature John Jonathan N. Normandia

2. Five Periods of Philippine Literature in English Period of Orientation (1898 -1900) Period of Imitation (1910 – 1924) Period of Growth and Experimentation (1925 – 1941) Period of Propaganda (1941 – 1944) Post – Liberation (1945 – onwards)

3. A. Period of Orientation (1898–1900) Began the occupation of Manila by American forces on August 13, 1898. The nationalistic and rebellious spirit against the American occupation also found expression in the Filipino Literature in English. However only El Renacimiento and the Free Press published writings in English.

4. B. The Period of Imitation (1910-1924) The College Folio made its appearance in the University in the Philippines The publication of magazines and newspapers in English gave budding writers a chance to see their composition in print, in addition to the Philippine Collegian, the UP student organ, Philippine Herald became the pioneer Filipino newspaper in English in 1920. Paz Marquez Benitez gained some measure of mastery far ahead of the period as exemplified in her story “ Dead Stars .” The First book of poems and the first novel in English written by a Filipino were published during the period: Procopio Solidum’s Never Mind Other Poems and Zolio M. Galang’s A Child of Sorrow .

5. First known as the  College Folio  (1910) and  Varsity News  (1917). As the College Folio, it was one of the very first undergraduate journals in the Philippines. The Philippine Collegian was officially established in 1922. Since then, it has become a symbol for academic freedom, critical thinking, and journalistic integrity and excellence.

6. Paz Márquez-Benítez  (1894–1983) Born in 1894 in  Lucena , Tayabas (now  Quezon ). Marquez – Benítez authored the first Filipino modern English language short story,  Dead Stars , published in the Philippine Herald in 1925. Born into the prominent Marquez family of Quezon province, she was among the first generation of Filipino people trained in the American education system which used English as the medium of instruction. She graduated high school in Tayabas High School now, Quezon National High School. She was a member of the first freshman class of the University of the Philippines, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912.

7. C. Period of Expansion and Experimentation (1925-1941) The Filipino writers mastered, not only the fundamentals, but also the nuances of the English language sufficiently to be able to write in it with more confidence. They tried all forms of writing including the novel and the drama. A deep attachment to the soil and a strong spirit of liberalism took possession of the writers. Some critics considered this period from 1930 until 1940 as the Golden Era of Filipino writing in English. Jose Garcia Villa (aka Doveglion ) excelled as a critic, short story writer, and poet and tremendously influenced Filipino writing. A number of short story writers “arrived” with Villa – Manuel Arguilla , Paz Latorena , Loreto Paras, Arturo B. Rotor, and Alfredo E. Litiatco .

8. Filipino writers were influenced by Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, William Saroyan, and Dorothy Parker. Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion’s Azucena became the first book of Filipino verse to be printed in America. Other poets were Amador T. Daguio , Angela Manalang Gloria, and Luis Dato . In 1940, through the initiative and efforts of the Philippine Writer’s League, the Commonwealth Government started a yearly literary contest. The first Filipino biographer to write in English is Carlos Quirino with his The Great Malayan . I,V. Mallari’s The Birth of Discontent showed his mastery of the art of irony as well as of the English language. In the essay, the notable writings included Salvador P. Lopez’ prize-winning collection Literature and Society and Francisco P. Icasiano’s Horizons from My Nipa Hut. Filipino playwrights flourished during this period: Augusto C. Catanjal (The Oil Lamp), Vidal A. Tan (The Husband of Mrs. Cruz), Severino Montano (The Land of Our Fathers), and Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (13 Plays), who became the most prolific dramatist.

9. A Child of  Sorrow by Zoilio Galang is the first novel by a Filipino in English. Never Mind and Others by Procopio Solidum is the first book of poems in English by a Filipino writer.

10. Manuel Estabilla Arguilla ( Nagrebcan, Bauang , June 17, 1911 –  beheaded ,  Manila Chinese Cemetery , August 30, 1944) was an  Ilokano writer  in  English , patriot, and martyr. He is known for his widely anthologized short story "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife," the main story in the collection  How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Short Stories , which won first prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940. is stories "Midsummer" and "Heat" were published in  Tondo, Manila  by the  Prairie Schooner . Most of Arguilla's stories depict scenes in  Barrio   Nagrebcan ,  Bauang, La Union , where he was born. His bond with his birthplace, forged by his dealings with the peasant folk of  Ilocos , remained strong even after he moved to  Manila , where he studied at the  University of the Philippines , finished his BS in Education in 1933, and became a member and later the president of the U.P. Writer's Club and editor of the university's  Literary Apprentice .

11. D. Period of Propaganda (1942-1944) The war dampened the literary enthusiasm of the preceding period. The writing of this period was largely journalistic, and the literary output was negligible for two reasons: (1) it was, in the main, insincere. and (2) there was very little opportunity for publication. This period saw the rise of Carlos P. Romulo, the first Filipino writer and journalist to win international recognition. He won the Pulitzer Prize; and his I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, I See the Philippines Rise, and Mother America became best sellers.

12. E. Post-Liberation Period (1945- ) The militancy which might be expected as a result of the war was very evident among journalists and editors. The most significant achievement of this period was the recognition afforded to Filipino writers abroad. Carlos Bulosan put out a book of poems called Voice of Bataan immediately after the outbreak of World War II. This volume was followed by The Laughter of My Father , a collection of humorous short stories and America Is in the Heart , an autobiography.

13. Stevan Javellana published his novel Without Seeing the Dawn , a war novel comparable to Rizal’s masterpieces. Jose Garcia Villa’s collection of poems Have Come, Am Here revealed great power both in thought and expression and elicited the warmest praises from American and English critics.

14. Philippine Contemporary Literature in English: Tradition and Change by Ophelia A. Dimalanta and Virginia M. Mata (1985) outlined Philippine Literary history into three periods.

15. A. The Pre-War Years from the 20’s to 1941 Philippine literature in English began with the coming of the Americans in 1898. Spanish continued to dominate the circle of the elite, but in the 30's it began to give way to English. Vernacular languages continued to be used in homes.

16. A. The Pre-War Years from the 20’s to 1941 Philippine literature in English began with the coming of the Americans in 1898. Spanish continued to dominate the circle of the elite, but in the 30’s it began to give way to English. Vernacular languages continued to be used in homes. UP was established in 1908, a landmark in the literary development of the country along the lines of Western traditions. It triggered the development and flowering of Philippine literature in English. With American textbooks, American instructors, American writers as modes, the Filipinos started to learn not only a new language and a new way of life alien to their traditions: the start of Western education or mis -education, the start of colonial orientation or dis-orientation.

17.   Pre-War Poetry S.P. Lopez, prophet of socially committed literature, influenced as he was by the social protest movement sweeping the USA at about that time in the wake of the great economic collapse and the depression wrote: The real artist has a deep compassion for the suffering of the oppressed and anger at the oppressors. The highest form of art is that which springs from the wells of man’s deepest urges and longings . . . his love of his own kind and his longing to be free . . . of all the ends to which he (the artist) may dedicate his talents, none is more worthy than the improvement of the condition of man and the defense of freedom. (Literature and Society, 1939)

18. Jose Garcia Villa, on the other hand, believed in “art for art’s sake”: that in art, crafts comes before meaning, that poetry should never be useful and propagandistic, that it must only arouse pleasure in the beautiful, must lead to contemplation, not action. Prior to the 20’s, the poems that were written were nothing more than mere versifications, exercises in rhetoric, using specific classical molds or patterns and poetic forms more for discipline than for art. Literary models were mostly Romantic and Victorian 19 th century Anglo-American poets. The 20’s and on to the 30’s saw the profusion of romantic poems, effusive personal expression of all kinds of emotions, specifically love, love lost, love betrayed, love unrequited, or love triumphant. Summarizing, pre-war poetry underwent three important phases: Poetry used as vehicle for mere rhetorical exercises in the service of language-learning rather than literature. Poetry used as vehicle for mere self-expression, personal and uncontrolled outpourings. Poetry as vehicle for dawning nationalistic fervor in the wake of the great S.P. Lopez versus Villa debate and the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1935.

19. Pre War-Fiction Prior to the 20’s, Leopoldo Yabes said, “The short stories are better classified as tales rather than stories.” The Philippine Free Press encouraged writers through its short story contest involving a cash award of one hundred pesos for the winning piece, aside from the regular twenty-peso publication royalty. By the end of the 30’s, Filipino short stories written in English already showed more carefully crafted pieces: The unified single impression or effect through atmosphere, tone, and style Plausible characterization A well-defined plot structure Control of language as medium Interesting situation and a significant theme

20. B. The Post-War Years from the Late 40’s to the 70’s In 1949, the National Teachers College offered a 3-unit course in Contemporary Philippine Literature in English to stimulate interest I our own literature. The Bureau of Civil Service included Philippine Literature as a subject to be covered in the Civil Service Examination for Teachers in 1951. The Carlos Palanca Sr. Memorial Awards for literature started the most prestigious annual literary contest sponsored by a liquor manufacturer, a magnate and patron of the arts. The Philippine Free Press revived its annual award of P1, 000 for the best short story. Writers’ guilds were reorganized among them being the Philippine Writers Union (later the Philippine Writers Association) and the Philippine International PEN (poets, essayists, and novelists). In 1960, the Republic Cultural Heritage Awards for literature was created the purpose of which was “to initiate a movement for greater and more dedicated efforts in cultural advancement, to complement the country’s program of economic development.”

21. Post-War Poetry Modernism in poetry started in the 1950’s. The modern poet experimented in techniques of versification, rhythm, music, and imagery. Modern poets were influenced by modern or western schools: (1) imagism, (2) metaphysical school, (3) impressionistic – symbolic school, and (4) new criticism.

22. Post-War Fiction Carlos Bulosan’s America Is in the Heart pursued literature’s commitment to social problems in the choice of subject matter, the peasants, the laborers, the interface of economic conditions and politics. NVM Gonzales published Seven Hills Away in 1947. Francisco Arcellana joined the ranks of the finest writers with his Divide By Two by showing his artistic ingenuity in point of structure, emotional impact, subtle manipulation of symbols, and the powerful rhythm of his language. Bienvenido Santos wrote You Lovely People , his first book of short stories about Filipino exiles in America

23. Nick Joaquin stood above his contemporaries which included Kerima Polotan Tuvera , Gilda Cordero Fernando, Aida Rivera Ford, Estrella Alfon , Rony Diaz, Lilia Pabloc Amansec , and Gregorio Brillantes . The short story achieved a degree of mastery and became preoccupied with form: (1) emphasis on key moment or moment of illumination usually at the end of the story, (2) use of consistent point of view, (3) use of symbols, the story existing in more than one level, (4) evocative use of language and tone, and (5) overall structural unity, blending of form and content. In the novel form, Nick Joaquin’s The Woman Who Had Two Navels showed a new way of presenting the subject matter, employing rich multi-layered meanings, and incorporating a sense of history and tradition. Francisco Sionil Jose started his Rosales saga with The Pretenders , an indictment against the modern illustrados and social injustice.

24. A. The More Recent Times from the 70’s up to the Present The immediate post-war years were years of conformism. It was not until the early 1960’s that the students began to unite and hold mass protests and demonstrations against the evils that gnawed the government. Most of these rallies ended in violent dispersals of the police and the military. Using the pretext of saving the country from the threat of subversion and communist takeover, Ferdinand Marcos declared Matial Law in September 1972. During the 1960’s some writers exhibited the western trends of naturalism and surrealism (the use of stream-of-consciousness to depict states of the subconscious). Language had also become more dense, more elaborate. Writer’s personal commitment was questioned in terms of their choice of medium. Cirilo Bautista completed his triology of poetry books: The Cave, The Archipelago, and Telex Moon , a project epical in scheme, historical in perspective, and surrealistic in style.

25. The Essay The political essay became popular and most suited for the discussion of ideas and timely issues. Nationalist writers included Renato Constantino , Petronilo Daroy , Luis Teodoro , Jose Lacaba , Bienvenido Lumbera , Epifanio San Juan, and Dolores Feria. Nick Joaquin as Quijano de Manila (his pen name) wrote many essays. Travel essay became popular with Cristina Pantoja Hidalgo leading the pack. Literary critics wrote reviews and became members of the Manila Critics Circle, among them Isagani Cruz, Alfred Yuzon , Alfredo Salanga , Alice Guillermo, Doreen Fernandez, Rio Alma, and Ophelia Dimalanta .

26. Dahong Palay                    Short Story Arturo Rotar Dahong Guinto Book of Poetry JC de Jesus (Huseng Sisiw) Daughter for Sale Drama Carlos Romulo The Land of our Fathers Drama Severino Montano The Shoes of Chadliwan Short Story Consorcio Borja Betrayal in the Philippines Novel Hernando Abaya Walang Sugat Novel Severino Reyes (Lola Basyang) Slave of the Sea Short Story Casiano Calalong The Princess is Sorry Drama Jose Mijares The Coward Short Story Alfredo Litiatco The Small Key Short Story Paz Laterena The Filipino Rebel Novel Maxima Kalaw “1896” Poem Aurelio Alvero To a Lost One Poem Angel Manalang The Tree of Kamatayan Short Story Alfredo Efren Litiatco In the Shadows Poem Mauro Mendez Dead Stars Short Story Paz Marquez-Benitez Moonlight on the Manila Bay Poem Fernando Maramag Harvest Short Story Loreto Paras-Sulit Limampung Kwentong Guinto Short Story Pedrito Reyes My Last Farewell Poem Dr. Jose Rizal Song For Redemption Short Story Fidel de Castro The Rice Planter Poem Leodolpo Uichangco My Home Poem Jose Hernandez My Mother Poem Juan F. Salazar Lihim ng Kumpisalan Novel Fausto Galauran Plighted Word Short Story Narciso Reyes Banang at Sikat Novel Lope K. Santos Air Castles Poem Juan F. Salazar Urbana at Felisa Novel Modesta de Castro The Sampaguita Poem Natividad Marquez Crusade in Asia Essay Carlos P. Romulo Alitaptap Short Story Condrado V. Pedroche Farmer in the Sunset Short Story Narciso G. Reyes Two Voices Book of Poetry Aberaldo & Tarrosa Subido Woman Sense (Column) Essays Pura Santillan-Gastrnece Thirteen Plays Book of Plays Wilfredo Guerrero Boiled Chicken Short Story Alvaro Martinez The Oil Lamp Play Augusto Catanjal Laarni- A Dream Short Story Loreto Paras The Three Old Bachelors Short Story Laureano Yumol Panday Pira Drama Jose M. Hernandez Extra! Extra! Short Story Arturo Tolention Celia Poem Claro Recto “Inay” Short Story Alvaro Martinez Vanishing Dawn Essay IV Mallari Alang Dios Novel Fr. Anselmo Fajardo Indolence of the Filipinos Essay Dr. Jose Rizal A Child of Sorrow Novel Zoilo Galang

27. José Corazón de Jesús   ( November 22, 1896 – May 26, 1932), also known by his pen name  Huseng Batute , was a  Filipino   poet  who used  Tagalog  poetry to express the Filipinos' desire for independence during the  American occupation of the Philippines , a period that lasted from 1901 to 1946. He is best known for being the  lyricist  of the Filipino song  Bayan Ko . Named the “ Hari ng Balagtasan ”

28. Francisco Balagtas   Francisco Balagtas  (born  Francisco Baltazar y de la Cruz ; April 2, 1788 – February 20, 1862), also known as  Francisco Baltazar , was a prominent  Filipino  poet, and is widely considered one of the greatest Filipino literary  laureates  for his impact on Filipino literature. The famous epic,  Florante at Laura , is regarded as his defining  work . The surname " Baltazar ", sometimes misconstrued as a  pen name , was a legal surname Balagtas adopted after the 1849 edict of Governor-General  Narciso Claveria y Zaldua , which mandated that the native population adopt standard Spanish surnames instead of native ones. His mentor was  José de la Cruz , otherwise known as  Joseng Sisiw .

29. José de la Cruz   (2 December 1746 – 12 March 1829), more popularly known as  Huseng Sisiw , was one of the great  Filipino writers  during the  Spanish regime . He is given the honor of  Hari ng mga Makata  (King of the Poets) in the Philippines.

30. Juan Crisostomo Soto   sinilang sa Santa Ines,  Bacolor ,  Pampanga . Tinagurian siyang   Ama ng Panitikang Kapampangan . Pambihira ang kanyang kahusayan sa pagtatalong patula sa wikang Kapampangan kung kaya ang pagtatalong patula sa wikang Kapampangan ay tinawag na   Crisotan   na katumbas ng Balagtasan sa wikang Tagalog. Isa siyang manunulat-makata , mandudula at editor sa wikang Kapampangan .