DISEASE OF MULBERRY

Its used to know about disease of mulberry and their management aspects.

1. PAT 302 - DISEASE OF FIELD CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT (1+1) ASSIGNMENT ON-DISEASE OF MULBERRY SUBMITTED BY KAMALRAJ.G 2016037015

2. S. No Disease Causal organism Family Order Class Subdivision FUNGI 1 Leaf spot Cercospora moricola Dematiaceae Moniliales Hyphomycetes Deuteromycotina 2 Powdery mildew Phyllactinia corylea Erysiphaceae Erysiphales Plectomycetes Ascomycotina 3 Leaf rust Cerotelium fici Pucciniaceae Uredinales Teliomycetes Basidiomycotina 4 Root rot Macrophomina phaseolina Fusarium solani F.oxysporum Sphaeropsita ceae Tubercularia ceae Sphaerosi tales Moniliales Coelomucetes Deuteromycetes Deuteromycotina Deuteromycotina 5 Stem canker Lasiodiplodia (Botryodiplodia) theobromae Sphaeropsita ceae Sphaerosi tales Coelomucetes Deuteromycotina BACTERIA 6 Bacterial blight Pseudomonas mori Pseudomona daceae Pseudomo nadales Schizomycetes NEMATODE 7 Root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Tylenchida Secernentia

3. Foliar Diseases of Mulberry and their Management Leaf Spot Disease Powdery Mildew Disease Leaf Rust Disease Leaf Blight Disease Soil-Borne Diseases of Mulberry and their Management Nursery Diseases Root Knot Disease Root Rot Disease Integrated Disease Management (IDM)

4. Leaf Spot Disease Pathogen : Cercospora moricola . Occurrence : It is an air-borne disease occurring during rainy season followed by winter. The disease starts 35-40 days after pruning/leaf harvesting and becomes severe after 70 days. Crop loss : 10-12 %. Symptoms : Brownish irregular spots appear on the leaf surface. Spots enlarge and join together leaving characteristic ‘shot hole’. Leaves become yellow and wither- off as disease becomes severe.

5. Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: Spread of fungal spores (conidia) primarily through rain droplets. ” Congenial temperature (24 - 28º C) and high humidity (75-80 %). Control measures: Follow wider spacing of plantation (90 cm x 90 cm) or paired row planting system [(90 +150) × 60 cm] Spraying of 0.2 % Bavistin ( Carbendazim 50% WP) solution on the leaves.

6. Powdery Mildew Disease Pathogen : Phyllactinia corylea . Occurrence : The disease is air-borne and prevalent during rainy and winter seasons. Crop loss : 5-10%. Symptoms : White powdery patches appear on the lower surface of the leaves . The corresponding upper surface shows yellowish lesions. When the disease is severe, the white powdery patches turn to brownish-black; the leaves become yellow, coarse and loose their nutritive value.

7. Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: Spread of fungal spores (conidia) through wind currents. Congenial temperature (24 - 28º C) and high humidity (75-80 %). Control measures: Follow wider spacing of plantation (90 cm x 90 cm) or paired row planting system [(90 +150) × 60 cm ]. Spraying of 0.2 % Karathane ( Dinocap 30% EC) / Bavistin on the lower surface of the leaves.

8. Leaf Rust Disease Pathogen : Cerotelium fici . Occurrence : The disease is air-borne. It is prevalent during rainy and winter seasons. The mature leaves are more prone to the disease. Crop loss : 10-15%. Symptoms : Initially, small circular brown eruptions (outgrowths) appear on the leaves and later leaves become yellow and wither-off

9. Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: Dispersal of fungal spores ( Uredospores ) by water and wind currents. Temperature of 22-26° C and humidity above 70 %. Control measures: Follow wider spacing of plantation or paired row planting system. Avoid delayed leaf harvest. Spraying 0.2% Kavach ( Chlorothalonil 75 % WP) on the leaves.

10. Fungal leaf Blight Disease Leaf blights in mulberry are caused by both fungi and bacteria. Fungal leaf blight Pathogen : Alternaria alternata and Fusarium pallidoroseum . Occurrence : The disease is air-borne and is prevalent during summer and rainy seasons. Crop loss : 10-12 % Symptoms : The disease starts as browning/ blackening of leaves from tips or margins of leaf. When severe, the entire leaf surface becomes brown and falls. (Fig. 1.4).

11. Responsible for Spreading of The Disease: Dispersal of fungal spores (conidia) by water and wind currents. Temperature of 25-30º C and humidity of 40-60 % are favourable for the outbreak of this disease. Control measures to be adopted: Follow wider spacing of plantation or paired row-planting system. Spraying 0.2 % Dithane M-45 ( Mancozeb 75 % WP) on the leaves .  

12. Bacterial leaf blight Pathogen : The pathogens are Pseudomonas syringae and/or Xanthmonas compestris . Occurrence : The disease is both air and soil-borne and is more prevalent during rainy and winter seasons. Crop loss : 5-10 % Symptoms : Numerous blackish-brown irregular water soaked patches appear on the leaves resulting in rotting of leaves (Fig. 1.5).

13. Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: High temperature and high humidity are favourable for the disease development. Irrigation and cultivation practices in the soil. Control measures to be adopted: Follow wider spacing of plantation or paired row planting system. Spraying Streptomycin (0.2%) or Dithane M-45 (0.2%) on the leaves.

14. Root Knot Disease Root knot is a serious soil-borne disease. It is caused by a nematode (a non- segmented worm) an endo -parasite. They make the plants susceptible to various other diseases. Pathogen : Meloidogyne incognita Occurrence : The disease is seen throughout the year and more common in sandy soils under irrigated conditions. Crop loss: 15 % Symptoms : The severely affected mulberry plants show stunted growth with yellowing of foliage at leaf margin Formation of knots/galls on the roots is the underground symptom Young, spherical and yellowish-white galls appear on roots. Old galls are big and pale brown. Enlarged view

15. Control Measures: Physical and Cultural Method: Deep ploughing in summer helps to kill the nematode eggs and larvae. Plant marigold ( Tagetus patula ) as inter-crop at distance of 30 cm in between mulberry rows. Chemical Method: Apply Furadan ( Carbofuran 3 G) @ 40 kg/ha/yr in 4 split doses around the plant during fertilizer application/cultural operations (safe period: 40-45 days). Integrated Method: Soil application of Bionema (produced by using Verticillium chlamydosporiu ) mixed with Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Neem oil cake in the ratio of 1:200:24 in 30-32 litres of water @ 200g / plant three times a year is an integrated approach for these diseases.

16. Root Rot Disease Root rot is a dangerous disease posing a serious problem to the industry. It kills the plants completely. The disease is common in almost all the sericultural countries. Pathogen : Fusarium solani or F. oxysporum or Botryodiplodia theobromae or Macrophomina phaseolina Occurrence : Throughout the year in all types of soils especially when the soil moisture and organic matter in soil are less. Crop loss : 12-14 % Symptoms : Initially, the disease appears as sudden withering of plants. Leaves fall- off from bottom The roots turn black due to the fungus and decay.

17. Control measures Physical Method Uproot the dead plants and burn. Heat the uprooted area by burning with dry leaves and grasses. Chemical Method Apply Dithane M-45 around the root system @ 10 g/plant after removing the soil from the infected plants to a depth of 15 cm (Fig. 1.26) when withering of plant starts INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT (IDM) IDM involves the application of both Dithane M-45 and biofungicide , Raksha ( Trichoderma harzianum ) (a product of CSRTI, Mysore) . Prepare Raksha mixture by mixing of 1 kg Raksha with 50 kg FYM (for 100 plants) in 8-10 litres of water three times a year.

18. SOIL-BORNE DISEASES OF MULBERRY AND THEIR MANAGEMENT Nursery diseases Stem-canker Pathogen: Botryodiplodia theobromae Symptoms: The disease appears as greenish-black eruptions on cuttings. The bark decays and dies Cutting rot Pathogen: Fusarium solani Symptoms: The disease appears as decaying of bark and then rotting of the whole cutting resulting in death of the sprouted cutting

19. Collar rot Pathogen: Phoma sorghina or P. mororum Symptoms: The disease appears as brown or black discolouration of bark and rotting of cuttings near the soil Die-back Pathogen: Botryodiplodia theobromae . Symptoms: The saplings start wilting from the tip downwards resulting in death of the saplings

20. Factors responsible for spreading of the disease: The diseases spread by rain and irrigation water . The primary infection occurs through contaminated soil and farm implements . The secondary infestation is by planting the infected stem-cuttings. Temperature of 28-30 ºC, soil moisture below 40 % and soil pH of 5 - 10 are favourable for the disease development

21. Control Measures There are three types of control measures available. They are: Cultural method, Chemical method, and Integrated Management. Cultural Method Plough the land deeply and level it to avoid water logging. Expose the soil to the sunlight for about a month. Remove weeds for good establishment of the saplings/plants.

22. Chemical Method Prepare 0.1% solution of Dithane M-45 by mixing 1 gram in 1 litre of water. Soak the cuttings in Dithane M-45 solution for half an hour. Plant the soaked cuttings in nursery beds followed by irrigation. Integrated Management This method involves the dipping of cuttings in Dithane M-45 (0.1%) solution and application of bioformulation called as Nursery-Guard prepared by using Trichoderma pseudokoningii (a product of CSRTI, Mysore)

23. Reference Govindaiah , Gupta, V. P., Sharma, D. D., Rajadurai , S. and Nishitha Naik , V. 2005. Mulberry Crop Protection – Part 1 . Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India. Sengupta , K., Kumar, P., Baig , M. and Govindaiah . 1990. Handbook on Pest and Disease Control of Mulberry and Silkworm . United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.