Diseases Mumps and Measles

Unit # 4 Microbiology

1. U-4, 4 OF “HUMAN AND MICROBIAL INTERACTION” By: Aftab H. Abbasi RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B Lecturer Nursing Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI

2. “HUMAN AND MICROBIAL INTERACTION” At the completion of this unit learners will be able to: 1 - Describe some pathogenic microbes and diseases, i.e. 1- Tetanus 2- Typhoid 3- Cholera 4- Diphtheria 5- Tuberculosis 6- Pertusis 7- Mumps 8- Measles 9- Polio 10- Influenza 11- Ascariasis 12- Taeniasis and 13- dermatomycosis.

3. 7- Mumps INTRODUCTION : M umps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Initial symptoms are non-specific and include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, and loss of appetite . These symptoms are usually followed by painful swelling of the parotid glands , called parotitis, which is the most common symptom of infection . Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure to the virus and resolve within two weeks. About one third of infections are asymptomatic.

4. 7- Mumps DEFINITION : Mumps is an acute viral infection of childhood that typically involves swelling of one or both parotid glands , although many different organs can be infected .

5. 7- Mumps CAUSES : The mumps are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus . TRANSMISSION / ROUTES OF ENTRY : It's spread from one person to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Infected droplets in the air from a sneeze or close conversation can be inhaled and may cause infection. INCUBATION PERIOD : The incubation period ranges from 14-24 days, with a peak at 17-18 days.

6. 7- Mumps PATHOGENESIS : ( T he manner of development of a disease) After entry into the last and initial multiplication in the cells of the respiratory tract, the virus is blood-borne to many tissues, among which the salivary and other glands are the most susceptible.

7. 7- Mumps COMMON RISK FACTORS : unvaccinated individuals. belonging to the age group 2-12 years. international travel, especially to countries without mumps vaccination programs. working or living in close proximity to individual(s) infected. being in states of immunodeficiency.

8. 7- Mumps SIGHN & SYMPTOMS : Fever Muscular pain (especially in the neck) Headache Malaise Typically precede the parotid swelling by 12 to 24 hours Earache on the side of parotid involvement. Discomfort with eating or drinking acidic food. Parotid pain is most pronounced during the first few days of swelling. The swollen parotid gland lifts the earlobe. upward and outward, and the angle of the mandible is obscured Trismus (spasm of the masticatory muscles ) can occur .

9. 7- Mumps TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS : Apparent from clinical symptoms & physical examination. An elevation in serum amylase levels is common; rise tends to parallel parotid swelling, return to normal within 2 wk. Enzyme immunoassay for mumps immunoglobulin (Ig ). IgG and IgM antibodies are most commonly used for diagnosis. Fourfold rise IgG antibodies are detectable in 1st few days of illness & are considered diagnostic. Microbiologic diagnosis is by serology or virus culture. Saliva , cerebrospinal fluid, blood, urine and other infected tissues.

10. 7- Mumps COMPLICATIONS : Meningoencephalomyelitis (inflammation of the meninges, brain, and spinal cord) Orchitis (Painful testicular swelling) Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis) Testicle pain and tenderness Oophoritis (inflammation of the ovaries) Pancreatitis Myocarditis Arthritis Thyroiditis Deafness Dacryoadenitis ( inflammation of the tear-producing gland (lacrimal gland ) Optic neuritis ( papillitis )

11. 7- Mumps PREVENTION: - ( MMR) vaccine, is recommended at 12- 15 month of age and second dose 4 to 6 years of age but may be administered at any time during childhood after 4 weeks since the 1st dose . TREATMENT : - There is no specific antiviral therapy; treatment is entirely supportive. - Antipyretics (acetaminophen or ibuprofen) are indicated for fever.

12. 7- Mumps - Bed rest should be guided by the patient‘ needs, but no evidence indicates that it prevents complications. - The diet should be adjusted to the patient's ability to chew. - Orchitis should be treated with local support and bed rest. - Mumps arthritis may respond to a 2-wk course of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent or corticosteroids. - Salicylates do not appear to be effective.

13. 8- Measles INTRODUCTION : Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus. Measles is one of the most contagious diseases. Measles has been around for more than 1,000 years. Millions of people worldwide get measles each year, and thousands die from the disease.

14. 8- Measles DEFINITION : Measles an acute and highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and a spreading skin rash.  Measles , also known as rubeola, is a potentially disastrous disease . ROUTE / TRANSMISSION : (Airborne Viral Disease) It is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. The virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours. It can be transmitted by an infected person from 4 days prior to the onset of the rash to 4 days after the rash erupts.

15. 8- Measles RISK FACTORS : Being unvaccinated. Traveling internationally, (developing countries, where  measles  is more common) Having a vitamin A deficiency. Children with immunodeficiency due to HIV or AIDS, leukemia or corticosteroid therapy. INCUBATION PERIOD : The incubation period is approximately ten days, but varies from 7 to 18 days from exposure to the onset of fever. It is usually 14 days until the rash appears.

16. 8- Measles CAUSES / AGENT : Single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype. Member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family . SIGN AND SYMPTOMS : High fever – Cough - Runny nose Red, watery eyes - Tiny white spots inside the mouth ( Koplik spots )- Rash from head to toe.

17. 8- Measles DIAGNOSIS / TESTS : General physical examination. Throat swab culture. The serum and saliva are measured for  measles -specific immunoglobulin M ( IgM ). Urine samples may also yield the virus and the IgM .

18. 8- Measles COMPLICATIONS : Ear infections Diarrhea Pneumonia Encephalitis Subacute sclerosingpanencephalitis (SSPE) Can cause death

19. 8- Measles PREVENTION : Vaccination is the Best Protection Against Measles. Two doses of MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine are 97% effective at protecting against measles.

20. 8- Measles MEDICAL MANAGEMENT : No specific antiviral treatment exists for measles virus. Severe complications from measles can be reduced through supportive care that ensures good nutrition, adequate fluid intake and treatment of dehydration with WHO-recommended oral rehydration solution. This solution replaces fluids and other essential elements that are lost through diarrhoea or vomiting. Antibiotics should be prescribed to treat eye and ear infections, and pneumonia.

21. “HUMAN AND MICROBIAL INTERACTION”

22. QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI By: Aftab H. Abbasi RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B Lecturer Nursing Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi