diseases of poultry.pptx for diploma class

animal health notes

1. POULTRY DISEASES Dr. ONEN (BVM MUK)

2. FOWL POX Definition: Fowl Pox is a relatively slow-spreading viral disease of domestic birds (chickens, turkeys, pigeons, and canaries) characterized by eruptions and scab-like lesions on the skin, combs, wattles and inside the mouth, as well as diphtheritic or plaque-like lesions in the mouth, esophagus and the upper part of the trachea. Cause: A virus belonging to the poxvirus group causes fowl pox. Transmission: The disease spreads slowly in a flock with an incubation period of 4-10 days. Infection occurs to the injured or lacerated skin through mechanical transmission of the virus. Mosquitoes have been shown to spread the disease in chicken and layer flocks. Flies can deposit the virus in the eye or in open wounds or lacerations. The mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and mouth are highly susceptible to the virus, and infection can occur in the absence of skin trauma or injury. 7/30/2024 2

3. FOWL POX Clinical Signs /Gross Lesions: The incubation period after infection varies between 4-10 days. The disease has two forms: cutaneous (dry) and membranous (wet). In the cutaneous form there is the formation of nodules on the comb, wattle, eyelids, and other unfeathered areas of the body. These nodules increase in size and can coalesce to form large brown to yellow scabs. These lesions eventually form scabs that dry up and drop off. The membranous form, referred to as wet pox, has raised fibrinous plaques or nodules on the mucus membranes of the mouth, esophagus, or upper part of the trachea. These lesions may coalesce to form an adherent membrane covering the ulcerated areas. Lesions in the mouth often make it difficult for birds to eat or drink. Mortality in affected flocks can become high due to suffocation if the lesions occlude the upper trachea, particularly the glottis (tracheal plugs). 7/30/2024 3

4. 7/30/2024 4 Dry pox: Scabs on face, eyelids and nares, as well as other non feathered portions of skin

5. 7/30/2024 5 Wet Pox: Raised friable plaques on mucous membranes of mouth, choana and glottis

6. 7/30/2024 6 Adult white leghorn hen: Death by suffocation can be caused by tracheal plugs that must be differentiated from infectious laryngotracheitis by virus isolation and histopathology.

7. FOWL POX Diagnosis: A presumptive diagnosis can be made based on the presence of scabs on the skin, comb, wattles, or other unfeathered areas of the body, or yellow plaques on the mucous membranes of the mouth or esophagus. A positive diagnosis can be made by histopathological examination of the scabs, or by virus isolation on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs (dropped CAM method). Treatment: There is no specific treatment that is effective against the poxvirus. Good management will reduce stress in infected flocks. Control and prevention : Vaccination is presently the only method of controlling fowl pox. There are two types of live virus vaccines used to immunize birds. Fowl pox vaccine of chick embryo origin is used to vaccinate birds 4 weeks of age and older. Tissue culture origin fowl pox vaccine is milder and can be used to vaccinate chicks as young as 1 day of age. The pigeon pox vaccine is mild and can be used in chickens of any age. Fowl and pigeon pox are often used together to enhance field protection in layers. Pox vaccines should be administered by the wing-web method. A thigh stick is usually used in turkeys. Cannibalism should be controlled in a flock to reduce transmission of poxvirus. 7/30/2024 7

8. NEWCASTLE DISEASE (NCD) Definition : NCD is an infectious highly contagious and fatal diseases affecting most avian species (wild & domestic birds infected) Etiology ; Caused by NCD virus, which is paramyxovirus of genus Rubula virus. Methods of Spread and Transmission Movement from one home to another of live birds, people e.g. visitors, poultry attendants, contaminated feeds and water, live in attenuated vaccines e.t.c. Transmission can be through inhalation, ingestion and contact between infected and non infected birds. 7/30/2024 8

9. NEWCASTLE DISEASE (NCD) Clinical Signs The disease can be acute (velogenic form) sub acute (mesogenic form) and mild form (lentogenic NCD) Velogenic viscerotrophic form cause acute/sudden death with high mortalities. Respiratory distress, Edema around the eyes and head, Greenish diarrhea, Muscle tremors, torticolis, opisthotonous, paresis and paralysis of the limbs. Drop in egg production with high morbidity and mortality rate (10- >90%). In mild form, drop in production, Small eggs often produced, Soft shelled and thin shelled eggs, Albumen is watery. 7/30/2024 9

10. NEWCASTLE DISEASE (NCD) Control and prevention Vaccination and revaccination Proper disposal of carcasses by incineration or deep burial. Restriction of access to poultry units Disinfection before and after entry into poultry units Prevent contact between chicken & wild birds. Gross lesions Haemorrhagic lesions in the proventriculus , Swollen and haemorrhagic caecal tonsils, Swollen spleen and with red & grayish foci, Mucosa of trachea congested/ haemorrhagic , Air sacculitis, thickened & cloudy air sacs, Egg York peritonitis and degeneration or atrophy of ovarian follicles, Thymus atrophy with hemorrhages 7/30/2024 10

11. 7/30/2024 11 Hemorrhagic lesions in the proventiculus Egg York peritonitis and degeneration or atrophy of ovarian follicles Torticolis

12. 7/30/2024 12 Swollen and hemorrhagic caecal tonsils .

13. INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO) IBD is an acute, highly contagious viral infection in chickens manifested by inflammation and subsequent atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius, various degrees of nephroso-nephritis and immunosuppression. Causative agent; Infectious bursal disease is caused by a virus called infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) , which belongs to the avibirnavirus family. The virus is very hardy, can survive in a wide variety of environmental conditions, and is difficult to effectively decontaminate . Transmission; is transmitted mainly by faecal-oral routes through ingestion of contaminated feed and water . Clinical signs; Clinically the disease is seen only in chickens older than 3 weeks. The feathers around the vent are usually stained with faeces containing plenty of urates. 7/30/2024 13

14. INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO) The period of most apparent clinical symptoms and high death rate is at the age of 3 - 6 weeks. IBD could however be observed as long as chickens have a functioning bursa (up to the age of 16 weeks). In chickens younger than 3 weeks, IBD could be subclinical, but injured bursa leads to immunosuppression. Also, diarrhea, anorexia, depression, ruffled feathers, especially in the region of the head and the neck are present. 7/30/2024 14

15. INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO) A natural IBD infection is mostly observed in chickens. In turkeys and ducks it could occur subclinicaly, without immunosuppression. Most isolates of the IBD virus in turkeys are serologically different from those in chickens. In premises, once contaminated with the IBD virus, the disease tends to recur, usually as subclinical infection. The dead bodies are dehydrated, often with haemorrhages in the pectoral, thigh and abdominal muscles. 7/30/2024 15

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17. INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO) The IBD virus belongs to the Birnaviridae family of RNA viruses. Two serotypes are known to exist, but only serotype 1 is pathogenic. The virus is highly resistant to most disinfectants and environmental conditions. In contaminated premises, it could persist for months and in water, forage and faeces for weeks. The incubation period is short and the first symptoms appear 2-3 days after infection. The lesions in the bursa of Fabricius are progressive. In the beginning, the bursa is enlarged, oedematous and covered with a gelatinous transudate. 7/30/2024 17

18. INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO) IBD virus has a lymphocytic effect and the most severe injuries are in the lymph follicles of the bursa of Fabricius. Most commonly, IBD begins as a serous bursitis IBD lesions undergo various stages of serous haemorrhagic to severe haemorrhagic inflammation. The morbidity rate is very high and could reach 100%, whereas the mortality rate: 20 - 30%. The course of the disease is 5-7 days and the peak mortality occurs in the middle of this period. 7/30/2024 18

19. INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO) In some cases, the bursa is filled with coagulated fibrinous exudate that usually forms casts with the shape of mucosal folds. In birds surviving the acute stage of the disease, the bursa is progressively atrophying. Microscopically, an atrophy of follicles into the bursa is observed secondary to inflammatory and dystrophic necrobiotic alterations The kidneys are affected by a severe urate diathesis. In an acute outbreak and manifestation of the typical clinical signs, the diagnostics is not difficult. The diagnosis could be confirmed by detection of typical gross lesions throughout a patho-anatomical study. IBD should be differentiated from IBH (inclusion body hepatitis). The application of live vaccines in chickens is a key point in the prevention of IBD and should be related to the levels of maternal antibodies 7/30/2024 19

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21. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS (IB) Is acute highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chicken, characterized tracheal rales coughing, sneezing and mortalities < 30%. Etiology IB virus of genus corona virus. 7/30/2024 21

22. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS (IB) Clinical signs Gasping respiration, coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales and nasal discharge. Birds have wet eyes and swollen sinuses, Infected chicks are depressed and huddle under or around heat source 7/30/2024 22

23. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS (IB) Reduced feed intake and activity of the sick birds The feathers are rough, droppings wet and water intake of the birds increased. Reduced egg production and poor quality eggs produced (watery albumen). Soft shelled and malformed eggs 7/30/2024 23

24. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS (IB) Mucoid exudates in the trachea, nasal passages and sinuses Air sacs are cloudy and contain yellowish exudates Pneumonia characterized by dark brown lungs with exudates. The kidneys are swollen, pale and contain urates (white crystals common in ureters) etc. 7/30/2024 24

25. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS (IB) Diagnosis Clinical signs, PM lesions &histopathology Serology (ELISA) Molecular diagnostic techniques Viral isolation and Identification 7/30/2024 25

26. INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS (IB) Control/prevention Vaccination Avoid mixing of different age groups Control of secondary bacterial infection using antibiotics 7/30/2024 26

27. AVIAN INFLUENZA Synonyms: Bird flu, Fowl plague, Fowl pest Definition : Avian influenza is highly fatal viral disease of poultry, humans and pigs caused by highly pathogenic Avian influenza virus of genus influenza virus A (H 1 N 5 ). 7/30/2024 27

28. AVIAN INFLUENZA Transmission Direct contact between infected or reservoir (water fowl) and susceptible birds Aerosol inhalation Ingestion of fecal contaminated feeds and water 7/30/2024 28

29. AVIAN INFLUENZA Clinical signs Very high morbidity & mortality approaching 100% Severe respiratory distress Edema of the head, comp, eyelids & shanks. Diarrhea 7/30/2024 29

30. AVIAN INFLUENZA Gross lesions Edema of tracheal mucosa Inflammatory exudates in the respiratory passage Air sacculitis and bronchopneumonia Swollen edematous head Egg yolk peritonitis Fibrinous enteritis Ovarian degeneration, mis -shaped fragile eggs Swollen firm mottled kidneys 7/30/2024 30

31. AVIAN INFLUENZA Prevention & Control Avoid contact between chicken and wild birds Vaccination ( not practiced in Uganda) Routine surveillance 7/30/2024 31

32. MYCOPLASMOSIS Introduction: Mycoplasmosis is a disease caused by Mycoplasma organism. The most economically important species is M gallisepticum. The most severe disease produced by Mycoplasma in poultry is known as chronic respiratory disease . 7/30/2024 32

33. MYCOPLASMOSIS T ransmission of Mycoplasma Vertical transmission most common in many countries including Uganda i.e. egg transmission Lateral transmission through respiratory tract also common Direct transmission through air (high infection rate) Indirect transmission from mgt practices e.g. during sexing, vaginal palpation, AI, vaccination. 7/30/2024 33

34. MYCOPLASMOSIS Clinical signs in Affected flocks High morbidity but low mortality rate in affected flock Respiratory distress i.e. respiratory rales, dyspnea, coughing & sneezing Reduced weight gain Low egg production 7/30/2024 34

35. MYCOPLASMOSIS Gross lesions; Cloudy air sacs (Air sacculitis) Sinusitis which become fibrinopurulent in complicated severe cases The oviduct is inflamed (salpingitis) Lymphofollicular aggregation in the submucosa 7/30/2024 35

36. MYCOPLASMOSIS Prevention and Control measures Maintain the breeding flock free from mycoplasma by regular screening and elimination of the positive cases Vaccination using live vaccines in endemic areas Treatment of infected flock using drugs sensitive to mycoplasma e.g. Tylosin or Fluoroquinolone (enrofloxacin), tetracycline, doxycycline etc. Note: Penicillin is not effective against Mycoplasma. Class Discussion 7/30/2024 36

37. INFECTIOUS CORYZA Definition: Rapidly spreading and debilitating upper respiratory infection that occurs primarily in laying chickens and causes distinctive foul odor with swelling of infraorbital sinuses and edema of face. Has largely been eliminated by good management practices, especially all-in, all-out programs. Synonyms: Hemophilosis, Hemophilus (Avibacterium) paragallinarum infection Cause: Hemophilus (Avibacterium) paragallinarum; a fragile, gram-negative rod that needs carrier (older, previously infected and recovered) birds to be transmitted under field conditions. 7/30/2024 37

38. INFECTIOUS CORYZA Transmission: Rapidly transmitted from bird to bird by contact, oculonasal secretions, aerosolized cough droplets and contaminated feed or drinking water. Clinical signs: Reduced egg production and reduced feed consumption; oculonasal discharge with edema of face and eyelids Gross lesions: One or both infraorbital sinuses filled with yellow, cheesy exudate; eyelids may be swollen or adhered shut by exudate; facial edema/swelling. 7/30/2024 38

39. 7/30/2024 39 Infectious coryza: Conjunctival sacs and infraorbital sinuses contain foul-smelling caseous exudate

40. INFECTIOUS CORYZA Diagnosis: Gross lesions; bacterial culture of exudate Prevention/Treatment: Best control = all-in, all-out management to break cycle of transmission; after an outbreak depopulate to start again in order to eradicate the organism. Can vaccinate with bacterin on multi-age farms. California operations practice controlled exposure to agent. 7/30/2024 40

41. ASPERGILLOSIS This is infection caused by aspegillus species. Several species of aspergillus cause disease in poultry and manifestation of asprgillosis depends on the body system affected. A. fumigatus is opportunistic fungus that cause brooder pneumonia (pulmonary aspergillosis) in chicks. 7/30/2024 41

42. ASPERGILLOSIS Transmission /Spread Aspergillosis is not transmitted from one bird to another. Births acquire infection from the environment e.g. hay/feed, soil, compost, litter, incubator etc. Egg transmission during incubation has been reported. 7/30/2024 42

43. ASPERGILLOSIS Clinical signs of Brooder Pneumonia High morbidity & mortality rates in chicks & poults. This is mainly respiratory disease in birds & cause broncho-pneumonia characterized by: Gasping respiration. Anorexia, and emaciation Torticolis and disturbance of equilibrium occur when infection spread to the brain (mycotic meningo-encephalitis). 7/30/2024 43

44. ASPERGILLOSIS Gross lesions; Yellow-white caseous nodules of varying sizes are seen in the respiratory tract mucosa, lungs air sacs and other visceral organs Fur – like growth may occur on the air sacs 7/30/2024 44

45. ASPERGILLOSIS Prevention and control Avoid feeding birds with wet moldy feeds Clotrimazole, Fluconazole etc., have been used to treat aspergillosis in animals. 7/30/2024 45

46. HELMINTHIC DISEASES OF POULTRY HELMINTHIASIS: This is infestation of poultry by worms. Nematodes, cestodes, Acanthocephalans and Trematodes are important parasites of poultry. 7/30/2024 46

47. HELMINTHIC DISEASES OF POULTRY Nematodes (Round worms) The most important group of helminth parasites of poultry. E.g. Capillaria , Echinura , Gonglonema , Cyrnea , Dispharynx , Ascaridia , Heterakis , Strongloides , Syngamus and Oxyspirura are some of the important nematodes of poultry in our area. 7/30/2024 47

48. 7/30/2024 48 Clinical Helminthiasis

49. 7/30/2024 49 PM Finding (Ascariasis )

50. HELMINTHIC DISEASES OF POULTRY CESTODES (Tape Worms) Tape worms infestation is common in birds reared on free range or in backyard flocks. Birds get infected when they eat intermediate hosts e.g. dragon flies, beetles and house flies. Examples of poultry Cestodes. Common pathogenic chicken tape worms are; Raillietina cesticillus and Choantaenia infundibulum. These large tape worms may block the intestine leading to pathogenic effects. 7/30/2024 50

51. HELMINTHIC DISEASES OF POULTRY TREMATODES (Flukes) Flukes are less host specific than cestodes. Wild birds often introduce them into areas were poultry are reared. Ducks and geese are frequently parasitized by flukes as they ingest snails & dragon flies in and around water bodies. Common species in poultry include; Prosthogonimus macrorchis , P. ovatus 7/30/2024 51

52. HELMINTHIC DISEASES OF POULTRY Clinical Signs of Helminthiasis Loss of weight which may lead to emaciation Anaemia Reduced egg production Stunted growth Rough coat and reduced activity Weakness 7/30/2024 52

53. HELMINTHIC DISEASES OF POULTRY Diagnosis; Clinical presentation & necropsy Floatation or sedimentation technique on fecal samples 7/30/2024 53

54. HELMINTHIC DISEASES OF POULTRY Prevention and Control Methods; Avoid dump environment in poultry units Routine deworming every 1 – 2 months. Isolate infected birds and treat them using antihelminthics e.g. For nematodes, levamisole, piperazine, albendazole e.t.c. For tape worms; Albendazole, Butynorate e.t.c For trematodes, no effective poultry drug on market yet.  7/30/2024 54

55. ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION Mites and lice are the most common Ectoparasites in poultry. Ectoparasites can cause decreased production and uniformity and also provide opportunity for transmission of other diseases. Feather mites Synonyms: Acariasis; Dermanyssus gallinae = the red roost mite or red chicken mite. Causes: The two common mites of poultry are the Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylvarium) and the red chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). Menacanthus stramineus is the chicken body louse that occurs in both chickens and turkeys. Other species have also been described. 7/30/2024 55

56. ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum): This mite can cause economic loss as a result of decreased egg production, increased feed consumption, reduced weight gains, and reduced seminal fluid production in roosters. Roosters tend be more heavily infested than the hens. The entire life cycle is completed in five days and adults can live off of the host for three to four weeks; however, in most instances the mite is on the host bird for the entire life cycle and at all times of the day. Northern fowl mite disease is worse during cold months of the year because of the close contact of birds during these periods. 7/30/2024 56

57. ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION Red roost mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): This mite feeds on blood and is primarily active at night (night feeder), and during the day will leave birds to reside in nest boxes and cracks and crevices of perches and slats in the poultry house. Clinical signs: Mites are most often observed in young laying birds and appear as rough, scaly skin, dark, stained feathers around the vent as a result of accumulation of mite eggs, scabs and fecal material. Mites feed on blood and heavy infestations can cause anemia. Decreased egg production can occur. 7/30/2024 57

58. ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION Gross lesions: Mite can be observed on the feathers of the vent, particularly in hens, and over the entire body in roosters. Check more than one bird for the presence of mites because not all birds are infested. Check birds at night if you are looking for the red roost mite (mites are off of the bird during the day). 7/30/2024 58

59. ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION Treatment: In heavy infestations chemical insecticide sprays can be used. The insecticides are; available as wet table powders, emusifiable concentrates, soluble concentrates, granules and microencapsulated products. The spray must be at high enough pressure (100-125 PSI with one gallon of water per 100 birds) to penetrate the feathers of the vent region. Commercial acaricidal insecticides(e.g., Pyrethrins and permethrins such as Ectobon, Rabon and Ravap) often contain wetting agents to help the active chemical penetrate to the feathers. Instructions on the commercial insecticide sprays should be carefully followed. 7/30/2024 59

60. ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION Caged layers should receive the spray from beneath the cage to increase access to the vent region. Floor raised breeders should be sprayed at night when they are resting on slats. Because the red roost mite commonly spends time off of the bird at night, these infestations require that, in addition to bird treatment, the nests and cracks/crevices of the poultry house should be sprayed or dusted with insecticide. In small flocks it may be economical to use a carbamate product, commercial rose dust (Sevin Dust). Place 2.5 pounds of 5% Sevin dust in one dust box per fifty birds. Carefully dust the product on the vent region and also sprinkle the dust around nest boxes and along cracks and crevices in the hen house. 7/30/2024 60

61. Prevention: Make sure the house is cleaned, disinfected and free of mites and lice before introducing new birds. New birds introduced to a house should be carefully examined to determine that they are free of Ectoparasites. Examine equipment to prevent transmission of mites on clothing, egg flats, crates, etc. Use washable egg flats and steam clean or power wash equipment that is moved into a new house. Maintain biosecurity to keep rodents and wild birds out of houses. 7/30/2024 61

62. ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION Scaly-leg mites Knemidocoptes mutans. This is one of several species of scaley -leg mite that exist on a variety of birds including chickens, turkeys, pheasants, partridges, and many passerine birds. The mite found most often on older birds and spends the entire life cycle in the skin. A similar mite infection (Knemidocoptes pilae ) in psittacine birds causes scaling on the beak and legs. 7/30/2024 62

63. ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION Transmission occurs through direct contact with other birds. Female scaly-leg mites burrow into no feathered portions of the body, particularly the scales of the legs, but also the comb and wattles, resulting in marked proliferation of the skin with heavy and irregular keratin crusts. The females deposit eggs for two months after burrowing. Both larval and nymph stages follow after the eggs hatch. The heavy crusting on the leg can interfere with joint flexion and can cause lameness. Sever infections can result in loss of toes, decreased feed consumption and decreased egg production. The disease can be treated by dipping the legs in dilute insecticide (acaricidal) solutions. Birds that are not used for egg or meat production can be effectively treated with a drop of ivermectin solution (Ivomec, off-label treatment) on the comb or wattle. Repeat this treatment two weeks later. 7/30/2024 63

64. 7/30/2024 64 Adult bantam roosters (A and B) with scaly-leg mites: Note; the enlarged and deformed shanks and feet with excess accumulation of keratin caused by Knemidocoptes mutans. A B

65. LICE (PEDICULOSIS) Body lice are larger than mites and can build up in large numbers on affected birds, especially caged layers. Lice spend the entire life cycle on the bird and can live for several months. The lice that infest birds are chewing lice (Mallophaga) rather than blood feeders, feeding on dander and feathers. Laying hens that are infested can have significant decreases in egg production and weight loss. 7/30/2024 65

66. LICE (PEDICULOSIS) Causes: Chicken: Cuclogaster (head louse), Goniocotes (fluff louse), Menacanthus (body louse) Turkey: Menacanthus, Chelopistes , Oxylipeurus Duck and goose: Anaticola , Trinoton Pigeon: Columbicola, Campanulotes 7/30/2024 66

67. 7/30/2024 67 A B Two types of lice (Cuculogaster and Columbicola) found on a floor-raised laying hen. Note lice both on the bird (A) and collected from the bird (B)

68. LICE (PEDICULOSIS) Clinical signs: Decreased egg production, decreased feed consumption, reduced body weights. Birds may appear irritable or hyper excitable. Feathers can appear ragged with fluff missing from the feather barbs. Gross lesions: Feathers can appear ragged with fluff missing from the feather barbs. Nits or louse eggs are laid in clusters attached to the base of feathers of the vent. 7/30/2024 68

69. 7/30/2024 69 A B White leghorn chicken with feather lice: Note the louse eggs (nits) encompassing the shafts of intact (A) and plucked (B) feathers.

70. LICE (PEDICULOSIS) Treatment and Prevention: This is similar to recommendations made for the Northern Fowl mite, but the louse eggs are resistant to insecticides and a second treatment (spray or dust) is required at two weeks after the first to kill the lice that have recently hatched. Be sure to treat the entire body of the birds because in heavy infestations the lice tend to spread from the vent to the neck region. 7/30/2024 70

71. Assignment Read and make notes on avitaminoses in poultry 7/30/2024 71

72. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION