DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE GLAND-paula.pptx

DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE GLAND

1. DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE GLAND PAULINE TEMBO-RN/BSC

2. THE PROSTATE GLAND

3. The prostate gland (walnut shape)is located just below the bladder in men and surrounds the top portion of the tube that drains urine from the bladder (urethra). The urethra runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder to the penis, letting urine flow out of the body. The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. During ejaculation, the prostate squeezes this fluid into the urethra, and it’s expelled with sperm as semen. The prostate's primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).

4. PROSTATITIS

5. Def: Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland. Prostatitis is often caused by systemic Bacterial infections and auto immune.

6. Risk factors Infection of the urinary or reproductive system HIV infection or AIDS Use of a urinary catheter inserted into the urethra to drain the bladder /during cystoscopy Diagnostic sampling of prostate tissue (biopsy)

7. Symptoms Pain or burning sensation when urinating (dysuria) Difficulty urinating, such as dribbling or hesitant urination Frequent urination, particularly at night (nocturia) Urgent need to urinate Cloudy urine Blood in the urine Pain in the abdomen, groin or lower back Pain in the area between the scrotum and rectum (perineum) Painful ejaculation Fever, chills, muscle aches

8. Complications Bacterial infection of the blood (bacteremia) Pus-filled cavity in the prostate (prostatic abscess) Sexual dysfunction, such as the inability to get and maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction) Changes in sperm and semen that may cause infertility

9. PROSTATE CANCER

10. Define prostate cancer Prostate cancer is the cancer that occurs in the prostate – a small walnut – shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

11. TYPES OF PROSTATE CANCER 1. Acinar Adenocarcinoma – are cancers that develop in the gland cells that line the prostate gland. They are the most common type of cancer. 2. Ductal adenocarcinoma – starts in the cells that line the ducts (tubes) of the prostate gland. It tends to grow and spread more quickly than Acinar Adenocarcinoma. 3. Transitional cell (urothelial) cancer- starts in the cells that line the tube carrying urine to the outside of the body (urethra). 4. Squamous cell cancer – these cancers develop from the flat cells that cover the prostate. They tend to grow and spread more quickly than adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

12. CAUSES The cause of prostate cancer is unknown, although some studies have shown a relationship between high dietary fat intake and increased testosterone levels.

13. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Prostatic cancers may not cause symptoms until it is advanced. Signs include; Blood in semen Discomfort in the pelvic area Dribbling Urine retention and Bone pain trouble urinating Erectile dysfunction

14. INVESTIGATION Digital rectal examination may reveal a small hard mass or nodule Biopsy Magnetic resonance imaging Computerized tomography scan Urine for culture and sensitivity Blood urea examination Haemoglobin estimation, grouping and cross matching Pelvic xray

15. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) : The prostate makes a protein called PSA, which can be measured by a blood test. If PSA is high, prostate cancer is more likely Prostate ultrasound (transrectal ultrasound) : An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum, bringing it close to the prostate.

16. Treatment Medical treatment The drugs Lupron or Zoladex are also being used to block the production of testosterone. Estramistine (anti- cancer chemotherapy drug) is used to treat prostate cancer that has progressed.

17. SURGERY Removal of prostate gland (radical prostatectomy) is often recommended for treatment of stage A and B prostate cancers.

18. Radiation therapy is used in combination with drug therapy.