Diseases of the Urinary System (disorders)

A comprehensive overview of disease of the urinary system

1. Diseases of the Urinary System By: Dr. Anusheh Zafar

2. Learning Objectives After this lecture, nurses should be able to: Recognize common kidney & urinary diseases Note key signs and tests Provide essential nursing care

3. Glomerulonephritis Definition: Inflammation of glomeruli → ↓ filtration Causes: infection, autoimmune disease Signs: blood in urine, swelling, high BP, less urine Nursing Care: Record input/output Monitor BP & weight Rest & low-salt diet Give meds as prescribed Avoid nephrotoxic drugs

4. Nephrotic Syndrome Excess protein loss in urine Signs: puffy face, leg swelling, foamy urine, fatigue Care: check urine protein, daily weight, low-salt diet, give steroids/diuretics, prevent infection

5. Diabetic Kidney Disease From long-term diabetes damaging kidneys Signs: proteinuria, swelling, fatigue, high BP Care: monitor sugar & BP, check urine, diabetic diet, hydration, avoid harmful drugs

6. Hypertensive Kidney Disease High BP → kidney damage Signs: persistent hypertension, blood/protein in urine Care: monitor BP, give meds, restrict salt, lifestyle teaching

7. Pyelonephritis Acute Pyelonephritis Chronic Pyelonephritis Bacterial kidney infection Signs: fever, flank pain, burning urine, cloudy urine Care: antibiotics, fluids (if allowed), hygiene education Repeated infections → scarring & failure Care: monitor function, prevent reinfection, hydration, follow-up visits

8. Renal Failure Acute Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure Sudden kidney shutdown (shock, dehydration, toxins) Signs: very low urine, swelling, high BP, confusion Care: strict fluid balance, monitor vitals, prevent infection, report low urine output Gradual, irreversible loss of kidney function Causes: GN, diabetes, hypertension Signs: fatigue, anaemia , nausea, oedema , high BP

9. Nursing Care Track fluid & weight Low-salt, low-protein diet Care during dialysis Emotional & patient education support

10. Renal Stones Hard deposits in kidney/ureter Signs: severe flank pain, blood in urine, nausea Care: strain urine, encourage fluids (if allowed), give pain meds

11. Polycystic Kidney Disease Inherited cysts → enlarged kidneys Signs: high BP, back pain, haematuria Care: BP monitoring, fluid management, family education

12. Kidney Tumors Adults: Renal cell carcinoma Children: Wilms ’ tumour Signs: painless haematuria , flank mass Care: monitor urine, post-op care, emotional support

13. Cystitis Bladder infection Signs: burning urination, frequent urge, cloudy urine Care: fluids, antibiotics, hygiene teaching, frequent voiding

14. Urinary Incontinence Signs Nursing Care Involuntary urine leakage Types: stress, urge, overflow Care: pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, skin care, patient dignity Urine output & colour Oedema BP & weight Hydration & infection signs

15. Summary Detect early signs through observation Maintain accurate fluid balance Prevent infection & promote comfort Educate and support patients

16. Thank You!