Disjunct Distribution of Plants

Disjunct Distribution of Plants

1. Denition
Disjunct Distribution of Plants
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

2. Denition
Continuous vs Discontinuous Distribution
Continuous - distributions in which the known individuals of
the population are not more widely separated than the normal
capacity of the type.
Figure 1: Reed(left)
1
, Homworth(middle)
2
, and Witch-hazel(right)
3
1
Image frompixers.uk
2
Image fromebay.co.uk
3
Image fromgardeningexpress.co.ukojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

3. Denition
Denition
Disjunction or Discontinuous Distribution
A pattern of distribution in which the areas occupied by a
given organism are discontinuous and separated from one
another. (Cox, et al., 2016)
distribution in which two or more populations of a taxon
are exceptionally widely separated for the taxon concerned
(Stott, 2019)
occurrence of species or other unit in two or more
separated regions (Good, 1947)
plants are separated by wider gaps than the dispersal
capacity of their propagules would normally bridge
(Polunin, 1960)
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

4. Denition
General Types of Disjunction
1Homogenous Disjunction
diuse(broken up into small, more or less numerous and
equal parts)
bipartite(composed of only two separate parts in the
same hemisphere; one of which is extensive and forms
the main part and the other of which is subordinate)
bipolar(composed of two parts widely separated in
Northern and Southern hemisphere)Figure 2: GenusEmpetrum
4
has bipolar type of distribution
4
Image from123rf.comojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

5. Denition
General Types of Disjunction
2Heterogenous Disjunction
altitudinal(compose of one part situated in one
altitudinal zone and another in another zone not directly
adjoining)
disjunction involving related or vicarious forms occupying
dierent components parts of the range or distribution
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

6. Denition
Factors of Disjunction (Huggets, 2004)
1Evolution
A pair of sister species evolves on either side of an area
occupied by a common ancestor. The common ancestor then
becomes extinct and leaves a disjunct species pair. (e.g.
generaFicusandAcaciawith amphitropical distribution)
2Jump dispersal
the rapid passage of individual organisms across large
distances, often across inhospitable terrain, the jump taking
less time than the individuals' life-spans (e.g.Botrychium
lunaria, Deschampsia caespitosa, andCarex canescens)
Cool temperate plant species or species groups have
amphitropical distributions in the Americas. Most of these
arose from jump dispersal except members of the woodland
generaOsmorhizaandSanicula(Raven 1963).
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

7. Denition
Factors of Disjunction (Huggets, 2004)
2Jump dispersal (cont...)
Amphitropical species have disjunct distribution
patterns, one part of the range being to the north of the
Equator, the other to the south, the dierent parts being
geographically quite separate. These disjunctions
probably arose in the Pleistocene when the climatic belts
were telescoped, and migration across the Equator would
have been easier.
3Climatic Disjunction
result from a once widespread distribution being reduced
and fragmented by climatic change.
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

8. Denition
GenusMagnolia
Figure 3: GenusMagnolia
5
and World distribution map of the
magnolia
6
Magnoliaceae family are formerly part of an extensive
Arcto-Tertiary deciduous forest land until the end of the
Tertiary Period
5
Image fromradiorebelde.cu
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Image from Cox, et al.(2016)ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

9. Denition
Factors of Disjunction (Huggets, 2004)
4Geologic Disjunction
common in the southern continents, which formed a
single landmass (Gondwana) during the Triassic period
but have subsequently fragmented and drifted apart
(e.g. genusGevuina)
Figure 4: The protea, banksia, and grevillea family Proteaceae
7
7
Image from Heywood(1978) as adapted by Huggets(2004)ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

10. Denition
Historical Factors of Disjunction
considers disjunction type on the basis of the assumption
that the area of a species is gradually attained by ordinary
migration
discontinuities are understood to have resulted from the
extinction of the members of the species in the area
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

11. Denition
Environmental Factors of Disjunction
topographic. separation of islands from each other or
from mainland, the separation of highlands by lowlands
climatic. in cases of interjection of a dry monsoon in a
rain-forest region, rain forest surrounding temperate
montane conditions, steppe climate between two
tropophytic forests
edaphic. based upon substratum dierences, more or less
local, arising from the nature of the parent rock, from
topographic position, from climate, from the clothing
vegetation, from age, or from any combination of these
factors aecting soil
biological. separations due to climaxes and other
communities
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

12. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
1Arctic-Alpine
distributed in the arctic region and in mountain systems
of temperate or even warmer zones
Figure 5: Salix herbacea
8
andSaxifraga oppositifolia
9
8
Image fromalamy.com
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Image fromcraigiehallnursery.co.ukojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

13. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Ranunculus glacialis
Figure 6: Ranunculus glacialis, an Arctic-Alpine Species
10
10
Image frominfoflora.chojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

14. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
2North Atlantic
distributed in the North America and Europe, and
sometimes also locally in Asia
Figure 7: Lycopodium inundatum
11
andSpiranthes romanzoana
12
11
Image fromiucnredlist.org
12
Image fromnorthamericanorchidcenter.orgojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

15. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
3North Pacic
distributed chiey in North America and Eastern Asia
Figure 8: Torreya
13
andSymplocarpus foetidus
14
13
Image fromtorreyaguardians.org
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Image fromcumauriceriver.orgojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

16. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Figure 9: Bering Land Bridge connecting Asia and North America
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

17. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
4North-South American
distributed in North and South America but lacking
continuity between
Figure 10: Pitcher-plant family Sarraceniaceae
15
15
Photo by B. Tannebergerojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

18. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Figure 11: Map showing North-South American distribution of
Pitcher-plant family
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

19. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
5Europe-Asian
distributed in Europe and Asia but lacking continuity
between
Figure 12: Leontice altaica
16
andCimicifuga foetida
17
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Image fromredbook-ua.org
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Image fromefloras.org/ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

20. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
6Mediterranean
various types including the European and African shores
of the Mediterranean Sea, or the Mediterranean basin and
some distant continent
Figure 13: Species ofPlatanus(Plane-trees, or Buttonwoods)
18
18
Image fromgoogle.comojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

21. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Figure 14: Map showing range of speciesPlatanus
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

22. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
7Tropical
distributed in two or more separate tropical regions such
as occurrence within the palaeotropical discontinuity,
neotropical discontinuity or both(pantropical
discontinuity)
Figure 15: GenusBuddleia
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and family Vochysiaceae
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19
Image fromgardenseeker.com
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Photo by P. Garin ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

23. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Figure 16: Map showing pantropical discontinuous range of the
genusBuddleiaand the mainly neotropical range of the family
Vochysiaceae (broken line)
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

24. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Figure 17: World distribution map of the palm family
(Arecaceae), a pantropical family of plants
21
21
Image from Cox, et al. (2016)ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

25. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
8South Pacic
distributed at least in South America and New Zealand,
and often also in other Pacic island and in Australia
Figure 18: GenusJovellana
22
22
Photo by J. Gaitherojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

26. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Figure 19: Map showing range of the genusJovellanaSouth
Pacic distribution
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

27. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
9South Atlantic
distributed at least in South America and Africa (often
including Madagascar)
Figure 20: GenusAsclepias(Milkweeds, or Silkweeds)
23
23
Image fromamericanmeadows.comojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

28. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Figure 21: Map showing range of the genus Asclepias
(Milkweeds, or Silweeds) South Atlantic distribution
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

29. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
10Antarctic
distributed on the antarctic mainland (usually as fossils)
and in southern parts of South America, New Zealand, or
on some austral island/s
Figure 22: GenusNothofagus, the so-called Beeches of the southern
hemisphere
24
24
Image fromalamy.comojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

30. Denition
Specic Types of Disjunct Distribution
Figure 23: Map showing (Antarctic) range of the genus
Nothophagus
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

31. Denition
Other Types of Disjunction
Gondwana
Intracontinental nature
Australia
Drosera erythrorhizasubsp.squamosa
(Photo by M. Pezzotta)
Lusitanian
Mackay's Heath
(Photo by C. Nelson)
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

32. Denition
Strawberry Tree
Figure 24: Arbutus unedo(left)
25
, map of European distribution
(right)
26
25
Image fromworldwondersgardens.co.uk
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Image from Cox, et al.(2016)ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

33. Denition
Floristic Disjunction in the Philippines and Australasia
Philippines sister to Indochina=China
Dacrydium pectinatumin Borneo, Philippines, Hainan
Podocarpus pilgeriin New Guinea, Maluku Islands,
Sulawesi, Philippines, Hainan and adjacent parts of
mainland China.
Philippines sister to Asia{Queensland=Melanesia
In Rubiaceae, Alejandro et al. (2011) reported a clade
with three members (the relationships among the three
are unresolved):
Villaria: Philippines
Hypobathrum: Asia (Taiwan and Thailand) to NE
Queensland
Pouchetia: Africa
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

34. Denition
Floristic Disjunction in the Philippines and Australasia
Figure 25: Pinus kesiya
27
andPinus merkusii
28
27
Image fromdepositphotos.com
28
Image fromshutterstock.comojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

35. Denition
Floristic Disjunction in the Philippines
Agrostophyllum loheriOrmerod andTrichoglottis loheriana: Luzon Island
Appendicula leytensisAmes andDendrobium orbilobulatumFessel & Luckel:
Leyte Island-endemics.
The species which crossed the two PAICs
29
via Samar Island include
Bulbophyllum mucronatumssp.alagense(Ames) J.J. Verm. & P.O'Byrne,
Podochillus intricatusAmes,Pteroceras philippinense(Ames) Garay,Abdominea
minimiora(Hook.f.) J.J.Sm., andVanilla ovalisBlanco, among others.
Left gure from Meneses, et al. (2018)
29
Pleistocence Aggregated Island Complexesojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

36. Denition
Floristic Disjunction in the Philippines
Three orchids which were recorded across the
Greater Mindanao PAIC attained their
northernmost distribution in Samar Island.
several orchids reached their easternmost habitat
range in Samar Island. This includes orchids
which are formerly recorded from the PAIC of
Greater Luzon and Greater Panay.
The presence of these species in Samar Island
could be explained by contraction and expansion
of the PAIC.
climatic uctuations that occurred in Southeast
Asia during the Tertiary and Quaternary
inuenced the Philippines' ora and fauna
through alterations in sea levels, in the degree of
seasonality in precipitation and in the variations
of temperature.
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

37. Denition
Thorne (1972)
Basic principles which should govern the study of all disjunct distribution patterns.
These principles are as follows:
aonly taxa that have been reliably revised should be seriously considered
bonly accurate distributional data should be used in the compilation of
distribution maps
cbecause almost all taxa have discontinuous ranges, only those taxa exhibiting
distributional gaps greater than their normal dispersal capacity should be said
to have a disjunct range
dthe present distribution of a taxon is not necessarily a guide to its past
distribution
ecoincidence in range distribution, although certainly suggestive, does not mean
that two taxa have similar dispersal histories | the same form can be produced
by dierent processes
fthe lower the rank of a taxon, the more instructive is its disjunct range.
gdisjunct distribution patterns are rarely monocausal, being the product, in the
main, of a number of dierent factors of distribution.
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

38. Denition
References
Cain, S. A. (1944). Foundations of plant geography.Foundations of plant
geography.
Cox, C. B., Moore, P. D., and Ladle, R. (2016).Biogeography: an ecological and
evolutionary approach. John Wiley and Sons.
Good, R. (1964). The geography of the owering plants.The geography of the
owering plants., (3rd Ed).
Heads, M. (n.d.). Biogeography of the Philippines.Biogeography of Australasia,
356{401.
Huggett, R. J. (2004).Fundamentals of biogeography. Routledge.
Li, S., & Adair, K. T. (1997).Species pools of seed plants in eastern Asia and
North America.Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F.
Austin State University.
Meneses, Z.D., Malabrigo, P.L.Jr., Buot, I.E.Jr. & Tinio, C.E. 2018. New
Distribution Records of Orchids (Orchidaceae) in Samar Island, Philippines.
Journal of Nature Studies. 17(2), 1-9.
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

39. Denition
References
Polunin, N. (1960). Introduction to plant geography and some related sciences.
Introduction to plant geography and some related sciences.
Raven, P. H. (1963). Amphitropical relationships in the oras of North and
South America.The Quarterly Review of Biology, 38(2), 151-177.
Raven, P. H. (1972). Plant species disjunctions: a summary.Annals of the
Missouri Botanical Garden, 59(2), 234-246.
Stott, P. (2019).Historical plant geography: an introduction(Vol. 12).
Routledge.
Thorne, R. F. (1972). Major disjunctions in the geographic ranges of seed plants.
The Quarterly Review of Biology, 47(4), 365-411.
Wen, J. (1999). Evolution of eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct
distributions in owering plants.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,
30(1), 421-455.
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants

40. Denition
Thank You!
ojapar Disjunct Distribution of Plants