disorder - or - disease in our bodies.pptx

diseases

1. Reporters: Johnmir James Famorcan and Elizah Janine Eusebio DISORDERS AND DISEASES THAT RESULT MALFUNCTION OF THE CELL CYCLE

2. Objetives 1. Identify the types of disorder or diseases result from malfunction of the cell cycle.. 2. Identify what causes the disorder or diseases. 3. Differentiate the types of the disorder or diseases.

3. Cancer Is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. When old cells do not die and instead grow out of control, forming new abnormal cells, these extra cells may form a mass of tissue, called tumor. Tumors can be benign ( noncancerous) or malignant ( cancerous). Benign tumors -are harmless (does not spread on the body ) but sometimes cause problems if they press on nearby organs or tissues. Malignant tumors -are cancerous and can invade tissues and other parts of the body.

4. Signs and symptoms of cancer change in bowel or bladder habits . a sore that does not heal. unusual bleeding or discharge. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. Obvious change in wart or mole .

5. How cancer spread It has something to do with their adhesion ( stickiness) properties. Certain molecular interactions between cells and the scaffolding that holds them to become unstuck at the original tumor site, they become dislodged, move on then reattach themselves at new site.

6. Achondrogenesis & Golgi apparatus - Achondrogenesis is caused by a defect in the microtubules of the Golgi. Is a rare genetic disorder that affects how bones and cartilage develop in babies. Diagnosed during pregnancy. There is no cure for it.

7. Results: The baby’s skull bone is very soft. The limbs are short The chest is narrow, making it hard for the baby to breath. The bones in the spine and pelvis do not form well. Most infants with this born prematurely or die before or shortly after birth.

8. Adrenoleukodystrophy - The malfunction of the peroxisome ( organelles who get rid of the toxin) will cause this disease. -It is a disease which cause d by the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in the tissues throughout the body. The accumulation happened because the peroxisomes lacked the protein that transfers the needed enzyme, it controls the break down of a type of a very long fatty acids, in the outer membrane of this organelles .

9. The results Abnormal withdrawal or aggression. Poor memory Poor school performance in children Progressive stiffness or weakness Paralysis of the lower limbs Ataxia in adults

10. Tay – Sachs disease - A rare inherited disorder that progressively destroys nerve cell ( neurons) in the brain and spinal cord. - the most common and severe type is called infantile ( typically appearing around 3 - 6 months of age). When their development slows and muscles used for movement weaken leading to lose motor skills such as sitting and crawling. - other types of Tay – Sachs can appear in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood and usually milder.

11. Symptoms: Development delays Muscle weakness Vision and hearing loss Seizures Paralysis and Intellectual disability The severity and specific symptoms depend on the type and stage of disease.

12. Cause of Tay – Sachs Disease It’s caused by a deficiency in an enzyme called beta – hexosaminidase A ( Hex A). This enzymes is important for breaking down a fatty substance called GM2 ganglioside, which accumulates in the brain and spinal cord when Hex A is absent, this buildup is toxic to the nerve cells.

13. Huntington’s Disease (HD) - inherited disorder that results in the death of brain cells. - is progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, cognition, and behavior. - the disease is staged based on how symptoms impact a person’s daily life and functional abilities.

14. Early stage of HD Usually includes subtle changes in coordination, perhaps some involuntary movements ( chorea), difficulty thinking through problems and often depressed or irritable mood. Medication are often effective for medication and emotional problems. May make the person less able to work.

15. Middle stage of HD Movements ( chorea), disorder may become more of a problem. Medication for chorea may be considered to relief from involuntary movements. Ordinary activities will become harder to do. Physical therapist may be needed to help maintain control of involuntary movements and to deal with changes in thinking and reasoning abilities.

16. Late stage of HD Movements ( chorea) disorder may be severe. Person with HD is totally dependent on others, they can no longer walk and unable to speak. They generally still able to comprehend language and retains an awareness of family and friends . Someone with HD typically dies because of complication of the disease, such choking or infection and not from the disease itself.

17. Lupus - is a chronic autoimmune disease. - this means the body’s immune system , which normally fight off infection, mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organ. This attacks causes inflammation, pain, and damage throughout the body.

18. Symptoms: Extreme fatigue Joint pain, stiffness and swelling ( arthritis) Skin rashes Fever Raynaud’s phenomenon ( fingers and toes turns blue or white when expose to cold or during stressful periods).

19. - is a progressive brain disorder, in which the death of brain cells slowly destroy the memory and thinking skills, eventually leading to the inability to perform even the simplest tasks. - it’s the most common cause of dementia. Alzheimer’s Disease

20. y manager Laboratory manager Mild memory loss, especially of recent events. Impairments to reasoning, complex tasking and exercising judgement. Impaired visuospatial abilities that are not, for example, due to eye sight problems. Impaired speaking, reading and writing. Changes in personality and behavior. Symptoms:

21. Cause of Alzheimer - the cause is unknown. - doctors thinks the symptoms of the disease are caused by the buildup of harmful proteins in your brain called Amyloid .

22. Stages of Alzheimer preclinical, before the symptoms appear. Mild cognitive impairment, when symptoms are mild. Severe Alzheimer disease .

23. Parkinson’s Disease - affect the nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine. - certain nerve cells (neurons) in brain gradually break down or die. Many of the symptoms are due to a loss of neurons that produce a chemical messenger in your brain called dopamine. When dopamine levels increases, it causes abnormal brain activity leading to symptoms of Parkinson's disease. - symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor.

24. Symptoms: Tremors Slow movement ( bradykinesia) Rigid muscles Speech changes Loss of automatic movement

25. Cause of Parkinson’s Disease the cause is unknown, but several factors appear to play a role: Genetics Environmental factors ( exposure to toxins) Age ( most cases appear at the age of 50 ) ;

26. Stages of Parkinson’s Disease preclinical phase : the degeneration of dopamine- producing neurons has begun, but no clinical symptoms are evident. Prodromal phase : some symptoms are present, but they insufficient for a diagnosis of Parkinson’s. Clinical phase: symptoms have manifested and are clearly recognizable.

27. -these diseases are characterized by the impaired function of mitochondria, leading to a wide range of symptoms and affecting various organs and system throughout our body. - because mitochondria are essential for cellular energy reproduction, their disfunction has far reaching consequences. -either inherited or spontaneous mutation of mtDNA or nDNA . Mitochondrial Disease

28. Cause of Mitochondrial Disease - either inherited or spontaneous mutation of mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) or nuclear DNA ( nDNA ) that encodes protein for mitochondrial function. - Cause of most damage to the cells of barain , heart, liver, skeletal muscles, endocrine and respiratory system.

29. Symptoms: Loss of motor control Muscle weakness and pain Gastrointestinal disorder Difficulties in swallowing Poor growth Cardiac and liver diseases Diabetes Visual & hearing problems Lactic acidosis Developmental delay Susceptibility to infection Respiratory complication Seizures

30. Ribosomopathies - are group of rare genetic disorders caused by defect in the ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for making protein. - arise from the mutations in the genes that code for either the rRNA or RPs, or genes involved in making ribosomes. - these mutation disrupt the normal function of ribosome, leading to problems with protein synthesis.

31. Symptoms and affected tissue Bone marrow failure Developmental abnormalities Increased cancer risk. - it depends on the specific genetic defect and tissues or organs most affected.

32. Examples of Ribosomopathies

33. QUIZ TIME!!!

34. 1 . Achondrogenesis is caused by a defect in the microtubules of the Golgi. 2. All tumors are cancerous. 3. Tay – Sachs the most common and severe type is called infantile. 4. Adrenoleukodystrophy is t he malfunction of the peroxisome ( organelles who get rid of the toxin) will cause this disease. Direction :Write T if the statement is true and F if it ‘s false

35. 5. Diamond – Blackfan anemia ( DBA) and Dyskeratosis congenita is example of mitochondrial disease. 6. It’s the body’s immune system , which normally fight off infection, mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs, this disease is called cancer. 7. Alzheimer is a progressive brain disorder, in which the death of brain cells slowly destroy the memory and thinking skills, eventually leading to the inability to perform even the simplest tasks. Direction :Write T if the statement is true and F if it ‘s false

36. 8. Cancer Is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. 9. C ertain nerve cells (neurons) in brain gradually break down or die. Many of the symptoms are due to a loss of neurons that produce a chemical messenger in your brain called dopamine. When dopamine levels increases, it causes abnormal brain activity leading to symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Direction :Write T if the statement is true and F if it ‘s false

37. 10. Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by the impaired function of lysosomes, leading to a wide range of symptoms and affecting various organs and system throughout our body Direction :Write T if the statement is true and F if it ‘s false

38. Thank you

39. Answer key T F T T F 6. F 7. T 8.T 9. T 10. F