diss q2 w2 discipline and ideas in the social sciences.pptx

lecture notes

1. Dominant Approaches and Ideas of Social Sciences – Psychoanalysis

2. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The core idea at the center of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories (Cherry 2020).

3. Sigmund Freud (Source: (WGBH 1998) - Father of Psychoanalysis - Jewish background, though avowed atheist. - He had a medical background wanted to do “neurophysiologic research”. - He had a private practice in nervous and brain disorders.

4. Levels of Mental Life The material that we have no immediate access to, and we cannot bring into consciousness. It includes repressed feelings, hidden memories, habits, thoughts, desires, and reactions. Unconscious

5. Levels of Mental Life It stores all the thoughts of which you could bring into consciousness fairly easily if you wanted to; thoughts that can be easily recalled without special techniques. Preconscious

6. Levels of Mental Life It contains those thoughts of which you are currently aware (e.g. logic and reasoning). Conscious

7. Provinces of the Mind It is the oldest and most primitive psychic energy; Representing the biological foundations of personality; Is concerned only with satisfying personal desires; and The actions taken by the id are based on the Pleasure Principle (motivate the organism to seek pleasure). Id

8. Provinces of the Mind The “executive”; The primary job of the ego is to mediate/ balance the demands of the Id and the outer forces of reality; The center of reason, reality-testing, and common sense; and Governed by the Reality Principle Ego

9. Provinces of the Mind The “ideal”; Consequence of the oedipal drama (sexual desire [child] toward the parent of the opposite sex – jealous feelings [child] toward the parent of the same sex); The moral arm of the personality, it corresponds to one’s conscience; and Bids the psychic apparatus to pursue idealistic goals and perfection. Supere go

10. Activity 1 Scenario Exploration (20 minutes) Scenario Cards: Each group will be given a card describing a situation, such as: Group 1 - “You suddenly feel nervous before a big presentation.” Group 2 - “You have a dream that seems strange but feels meaningful.” Group 3 - “You start to remember a childhood event out of the blue.”

11. Activity 1 Group Discussion : Each group discusses how their aspect of the mind plays a role in the given situation. How would the conscious mind react in this situation? How might the preconscious store related information? What unconscious forces or hidden desires could be influencing this?

12. Dominant Approaches and Ideas of Social Sciences – Rational Choice

13. Rational Choice Theory It is the view that people behave as they do because they believe that performing their chosen actions has more benefits than costs. That is, people make rational choices based on their goals, and those choices govern their behavior. ( Berroya 2017) • Cost - an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something. • Benefit - an advantage or profit gained from something.

14. Assumptions of Rational Choice Theory - Source: (Pasion 2018) Individualism It is the ability of individuals to ultimately take actions. (independent, self-reliant)

15. Assumptions of Rational Choice Theory - Source: (Pasion 2018) Optimality Individuals choose their actions optimally, given their individual preferences as well as the opportunities or constraints with which the individuals face. (best or most effective)

16. Assumptions of Rational Choice Theory - Source: (Pasion 2018) Structures These structures and norms that dictate a single course of action are merely special cases of rational choice theory.

17. Assumptions of Rational Choice Theory - Source: (Pasion 2018) Self-Regarding Interest This assumption states that the actions of an individual is concerned entirely with his/her own welfare.

18. Assumptions of Rational Choice Theory - Source: (Pasion 2018) Rationality It is the most predominant assumption of the rational choice theory.

19. Strengths of Rational Choice Theory - Source: (Pasion 2018) Generality This means that one set of assumptions relating to each type of actor in a given circumstance is compatible w/ any set of assumptions about the environmental setting in which the actor is present.

20. Strengths of Rational Choice Theory - Source: (Pasion 2018) Parsimony (cheapness) The common knowledge of rationality assumption.

21. Strengths of Rational Choice Theory - Source: (Pasion 2018) Predictive Used to produce a wide variety of decisive theories, whose predictions about the measurable real-world phenomena rule out a much larger set of outcomes that what is already general.