Distribution of Gymnosperms in pakistan

Distribution of Gymnosperms in Pakistan

1. Saira Mehar Roll#13 BS-Botany 5 th -Semester Distribution of gymnosperm in P akistan

2. What are gymnosperms? General features. phylum of gymnosperms . Distribution of gymnosperm in world. Distribution of gymnosperm in Nepal. Distribution of gymnosperm in India. Distribution of gymnosperm in Pakistan. content

3. Seed bearing vascular plants. Gymnosperms means “ naked seed ” (from the Greek: Gymnos=naked; sperm=seed) Seeds are formed naked. Seed lack a protective enclosure(unlike flowering plant which have flower & fruit) Seeds are produced on the scales of cones. More advanced then ferns because they do not have seeds. What are gymnosperms ?

4. General features

5. Most of gymnosperms are trees. Some are evergreen, i.e. pine Gymnosperms have exposed seeds All of them don’t posses flowers Ancestor of seed plants are homosporous but seed plants are heterosporous Megasorangia produced megaspores > female gametophyte. Micresporangia produced microspores > male gametophyte. General features

6. Ovule consist of megasporangium,megaspores,one or more protective integuments. Note: gymnosperm megaspores have one integument while angiosperms have two. Naked seeds not enclosed by ovaries.

7. Cycadophyta (Cycads) Ginkgophyta (one living specie: Ginkgo biloba). Gnetophyta (e.g Gnetum,Ephedra,Welwitschia). Coniferophyta (coniferous such as pine,chir & redwood). Phylum of gymnosperms

8. Fossils evidence reveals that by the late Devonian period some plants,called Progymnospermms , had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants. Gymnosperms Evolution

9. Large cones,palm like leaves. Thrived during Mesozoic period,few species exist today. 1) Cycadophyta (cycas)

10. Ornamental tree. High tolerance to air pollution. Ginkgo biloba . Ginkgophyta

11. comprises 3 genera vary in appearance. Tropical, some live in desert Gnetophyta

12. Largest phyla. Conifers are evergreen carry out photosynthesis . Coniferophyta

13. 1) Cycadophyta : Families ---2 to 3 Genera---- 10 to 12 Species---- 305 Global distribution more unified distribution during time of supercontinent Gondawana. Identified by large crown of compound,palm like leaves & short trunk . Distribution of gymnosperms in world

14. Families---- 3 (woody plants heaving wood vessels in the flowering plants). Class ----- 1-class(Gnetopsida living plants) Orders ---- 3 Genales ….. Gnetum Welwitschiales….. Welwitschia Ephedrales ….. Ephedra . Gnetum : woody climbers in tropical forests Member; Gnetum gnemon (tree) found in Malaysia & Indonesia . 2) Gnetophyta :

15. Gnetum gnemone

16. Welwitschiales : comprise only one specie…. Welwitschia mirabilis . grows only in desert of Namibia. Strange plant heaving only 2-large strap like leaves. Ephedrales: Consist of single Genus Ephedra. Reputed to have medicinal property banned by food & drug administration(FDA) due to harmful & deadly side effects.

17. Welwitschia mirabilis

18. Ephedra

19. size: less than one meter(39 inches) to over 100-meters(328 feet). Example : cedars,Cypresses,Douglas firs, firs,Junipers,Pines,Redwoods etc Families….. 6-8 Genera……. 65-70 Species …… 600-650 3) Conifero phyta:

20. Cypress

21. Cedars

22. Red woods

23. Pine

24. Junipers

25. Fir

26. G. biloba example of living fossils > permian 270M years ago. By the Paleocene, Ginkgo adiantoids only ginkgo specie left in the Northern Hemisphere. Found in China > deep rooted & resistance to Wind & snow damage. 3,000 year-old ginkgo reported in Shandong Province in China. 4) Ginkgo phyta (maiden-hair tree)

27. Ginkgo adiantoids

28. Ginkgo biloba

29. Some common species of Nepal are; 1 .Pinus roxburghii (Khote salla) 2. Pinus wallichiana ( Rani Sallo ): The forest of Pinus wallichiana is abundant in Karnali river in the western Nepal and the Kali Gandaki river in the central Nepal. 3. Ephedra gerardiana : It grows up to 3 m high (tall). It is mostly found in Himalayan regions. It prefers dry region to grow. Distribution of gymnosperms in Nepal   tree usually appears from 1200m – 2100m altitude

30. Pinus roxburghii

31. Pinus wallichiana

32. Ephedra gerardiana

33. 4. Ephedra intermedia : It is only found from upper Kali Gandaki valleys. It grows at 2700m to 4000m altitude. 5 . Cycas pectinata : It is a palm like evergreen plant attaining a height of about 2.5m to 5m tall. It occurs in sub-tropical forests of Eastern region and Central region. 6 . Larix griffithiana : It is a deciduous tree found in Eastern Himalayas. It is mostly abundant in an altitude of 1500m . 7. Juniperus indica : It is a bushy tree found mostly in an elevation of 2500m to 4000m altitude 8. Larix hamilaica : It is mostly dominant in central Nepal. It is found in Langtang valley of Nepal.

34. Ephedra intermedia

35. Cycas pectinata

36. Juniperus indica

37. 9 . Juniperus indica : It is a bushy tree found mostly in an elevation of 2500m to 4000m altitude . 10 . Junipersus recurva : It is mostly distributed in inner regions of Himalayas at an elevation of 3000m to 4500m altitude. It is abundantly found in Eastern Nepal.

38. Juniperus recurva

39. Name family distribution Gnetum gnemon Gnetaceae Arunachal Pradesh,Assam,Meghalaya, Tripura. Gnetum montanum Gnetaceae Arunachal Pradesh,Assam,Nagaland,West Bengal,Sikkim. Ephedra gerardiana Ephedraceae Sikkim Distribution of gymnosperms in India Gnetales

40. Ephedra gerardiana

41. Gnetum gnemone

42. Gnetum montanum

43. Name Family Distribution Cycas pectinata Cycadaceae Assam,Meghalaya,Manipur,Sikkim,West Bengal cycads

44. Cycas pectinata

45. Name Family Distribution Pinus armandii Pinaceae Arunachal Pradesh Pinus bhutanica Pinaceae Arunachal Pradesh Nageia wallichiana Podocarpaceae Assam,Meghalaya Juniperus wallichiana Cupressaceae Eastern Himalayas Conifers

46. Pinus armandii

47. Pinus bhutanica

48. Juniperus wallichiana

49. Nageia wallichiana

50. Distribution of gymnosperms in Pakistan Gnetales Name In World In West Pakistan Altitude Flower season Fruit season Seed season Ephedra foliata Turkestan,Iran & India Plains & low coastal hills,Thar,Pubbi hills & Salt range 2,500 feet February & March, sometime in October Ripens in May Germinate in June with monsoon rain Ephedra gerardiana Afganistan,Tibet & Western Himalayas. Chitral,Sawat,Gilgit,Kaghan,Kurram,Waziristan,Quetta 8,000 to 14,000 feet April to July August to October

51. Ephedra foliata

52. Ephedra gerardiana

53. Distribution of gymnosperms in Pakistan Gnetales Name In World In West Pakistan Altitude Flower season Fruit season Seed season Ephedra intermedia Turkestan,Iran & Central Asia Kurram ,Chitral,Gilgit,Waziristan & Quetta 6000 to 9000 feet spring Spring of the next year Ephedra perzewalskii Central Asia Baluchistan & Nanga Parbat

54. Ephedra intermedia

55. Ephedra perzewalskii

56. Distribution of gymnosperms in Pakistan Coniferales Name In World In West Pakistan Altitude Flower season Fruit season Seed season Cedrus deodara Western Himalayas(Garhwal to Afganistan) Kashmir,Hazara,Sawat,Dir,Chitral. spring March to April Juniperus communis Northern& Central part of Euope,Iran,Afganistan Kashmir,Hazara,Gilgit,Sawat,Chitral,Dir,Kurram 11,000 to 13,000 feet March to April August to september of the 2 nd year Just after melting of snow at the end of spring.

57. Cedrus deodara

58. Juniperus communis

59. Name In World In West Pakistan Altitude Flower season Fruit season Seed season Juniperus squamata Alpine region of western HimalayasAfganistan Kashmir ,Chitral,Gilgit,Hazara ,Sawat,Dir & kurram 11000 to 1400 feet June to July October of 2 nd year End of spring Juniperus tarkestanica Chitral 12,000 feet spring Berries ripen in July to August Spring after melting of snow Abies pindrow Western Himalaya,Afghanistan to Nepal. Kashmir,Muree Hills,Hazara,Chitral 7,000 to 11,000 feet May or early June

60. Juniperus squamata

61. Juniperus turkestanica

62. Abies pindrow

63. Name In World In West Pakistan Altitude Flower season Fruit season Seed season Pinus gerardiana Afghanistan,inner arid valleys of Himalayas,Gharwal Balochistan,Waziristan,Chitral,Gilgit,Hazara ,Sawat & kurram 6,500 to 8,500 feet spring spring Pinus roxburghii Outer range Himalayas,Bhutan to Afghanistan Kashmir,Muree hills,Hazara & Sawat 3,500 to 5,500 feet In June Pinus wallichiana Western Himalaya,from Bhutan to Afghanistan Outer ranges of Western Himalayas 5,000 to 12,000 feet March or early April June next year after first heavy shower

64. Pinus gerardiana

65. Pinus roxburghii

66. Pinus wallichiana

67. Name In World In West Pakistan Altitude Flower season Fruit season Seed season Pinus insularis Upper Burma & Philipines Nanga hills Taxus baccata Western Himalayas,Afghanistan,Alheria,Euorpe Kashmir,Muree hills,Hazara ,Sawat,Dir,Chitral 6000 to 10,000 feet April to May September to November Long time to germinate

68. Pinus insularis

69. Taxus baccata

70. Name In Pakistan Local Name height Flower season uses Cycas revoluta All Pakistan Kanghi palm,cycad,Sago Palm 6-15 feet may Ornamental palm Cycadales

71. Any Question?