Diversity of insect pupae

Several diversities in insect pupae are being noticed which are being classified based on certain criteria and is being described in brief here.

1. DIVERSITY OF INSECT
PUPAE
Exarate
Coarctate
Obtect
Presented by
V. Priyadharshini
I Ph.D. Scholar

2. PUPA?
✓Amotionless(sessile)formofaninsectundergoingaremarkable
transformation.
✓Betweenlarvalandadultstageofholometabolousinsects.
✓Incapableoffeedingandisquiescent.
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3. POSITION
Source: https://helicoverpaaspests.weebly.com/life-cycles.html
STAGE I
STAGE II
STAGE III
STAGE IV
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4. DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF PUPAL
STAGE
•First,thepupaisconsideredtobeamodifiedversionofthefinallarval
stage—thisisreferredtohereas‘Hinton2’(Hinton,1963).
•Second,allholometabolouslarvalstagesaresupposedtobederivedfroma
modifiedembryonic(‘pronymphal’)form,withthepupabeingidentified
withthe‘true’larvalornymphalstate,the‘Berlese’model(Berlese,1913).
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5. Source: Jindra, 2019
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6. DIVERSITIES OF PUPAE
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7. A. BASED ON THE PRESENCE OR
ABSENCE OF POWERFUL MANDIBLES
I.Dectiouspupae:
•Dectiouspupaehavearticulatedmandibles-chewthroughthepupalcell-
tendtobeactive-exaratewithfreeappendages.
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8. II.Adectious:
•Adectiouspupaelackfunctionalmandiblesandcannotchewtheirwayout
ofthepupalcaseorbiteindefense.Themandiblesareattachedtothehead
insuchawayastorenderthemimmobile.
•Adectiouspupaemayalsobeeitherobtectorexarate.
•Eg:Diptera,Lepidoptera,Coleoptera,andHymenoptera.
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9. B. BASED ON THE ATTACHMENT OF
THE APPENDAGES
I.OBTECT
✓Inobtectpupae,theinsect'sappendagesare"glued"tothebodywallas
theexoskeletonhardens.Manyobtectpupaeareenclosedwithinacocoon.
✓ObtectpupaeoccurinmanyoftheDipteranorderofinsects.Thisincludes
midges,mosquitoes,craneflies,andothermembersofthesuborder
Nematocera.
✓Eg:Lepidoptera(butterflies)andinafewoftheHymenoptera(ants,bees,
wasps)andColeoptera(beetles). 9

10. I. (A) Chrysalis
✓Nakedobtectpupaofbutterfly.
✓Angularandattractivelycoloured.
✓Thepupaisattachedtothesubstratumby
hookspresentattheterminalendofthe
abdomencalledcremaster.Themiddlepart
ofthechrysalisisattachedtothesubstratum
bytwostrongsilkenthreadscalledgridle.
Cremaster
Gridle
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12. I. (B) Tumbler
✓Pupaofmosquitoiscalledtumbler-anobtect
typeofpupa.
✓Itiscomma shapedwithrudimentary
appendages.
✓Breathingtrumpetsarepresentinthecephalic
endandanalpaddlesarepresentattheendof
theabdomen.Abdomeniscapableofjerky
movements-producedbytheanalpaddles.
Breathing trumpets
Anal paddles
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13. II. EXARATE
✓ExaratepupaeXObtectpupae.Theappendagesarefreeandtheycan
move.Movementisusuallylimitedtotheabdominalsegments,butsome
canalsomovetheirappendages.
✓Lacksacocoon,andlookslikeapale,mummifiedadult,according
to"BorrorandDeLong'sIntroductiontotheStudyofInsects.
✓"Mostpupaefallintothiscategory.Nearlyallinsectsthatundergo
completemetamorphosishaveexaratepupae.
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14. ✓Alloligopodlarvaewillturnintoexaratepupae.
✓Adectiousexaratepupae:Siphonaptera(fleas),Strepsiptera(twisted-wing
parasites),Diptera,ColeopteraandHymenoptera.
✓Dectiousexaratepupae:Mecoptera(scorpionflies&hangingflies),
Neuroptera(nerve-wingedinsects),Trichoptera(caddisflies)andsome
primitiveLepidopterans.
Flea Scorpion fly Green lace wing Caddisfly
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15. III. COARCTATE
•Coarctatepupaearecoveredbyamembranecalledapuparium,whichis
actuallythehardenedcuticleofthefinallarvalinstar.
•Theyarealsoconsideredexarateinform,asthesepupaehavefree
appendages.
•CoarctatepupaearefoundinmanyfamiliesofDiptera(suborder
Brachycera).
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16. Exarate dectiouspupae:
(a)Megaloptera: Sialidae;
(b) Mecoptera: Bittacidae.
Exarate adectiouspupae:
(c) Coleoptera: Dermestidae;
(d) Hymenoptera: Vespidae;
(e,f) Diptera: Calliphoridae, puparium
Obtectadectiouspupae:
(g) Lepidoptera: Cossidae;
(h) Lepidoptera: Saturniidae;
(i)Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, chrysalis;
(j) Coleoptera: Coccinellidae.
Source: http://www.entomologa.ru/boxes/44.htm
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17. C. BASED ON HABITAT
1. Terrestial
Pupa of European fruit fly Pupa of tomato fruit borer
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Pupa of pink spotted hawk moth
Projection for
proboscis

18. 2.Niche
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Pupa of rice leaf folder
Pupa of sugarcane internode borer
Pupa of chrysomelid beetle

19. 19
Pupa of stinging nettle slug caterpillar –
cup like
Pupa of rice skipper

20. 3. Aquatic
Pupa of caddish fly (Trichoptera)
Pupa of water scavenger beetle (Coleoptera)
Pupa of waterlily moth (Lepidoptera)
Pupa of mosquito (Diptera)
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21. 21
Free swimming pupa of
chironomid (Diptera)
Under water pupa of
chrysomelidae (Coleoptera)
Silken cocoon of black fly (Diptera)
Gills
Pupa of Dobson fly (Neuroptera)

22. D. BASED ON PUPAL PROTECTION
In general pupal stage lacks mobility. To get protection against
adverse conditions and natural enemies -cocoon. Based on the nature and
materials used for preparation of cocoons, there are several types:
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S.No Types of cocoon Materials used Examples
1.Silken cocoon silk silkworm
2.Eartherncocoon Soil + saliva Gram pod borer
3.Hairy cocoon Body hairs Woolybear
4.Frassycocoon Frass+ saliva Coconut black headed
caterpillar
5.Fibrous cocoon Fibres Red palm weevil

23. Silken cocoon Earthern cocoon
Hairy cocoon
Fibrous cocoon Frassy cocoon
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24. D. (I) VARIETIES IN SILKEN COCOONS
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25. 25

26. 26
Dimorphic multi-layered architecture of Hyalophora sp. cocoon
(Lepidoptera)

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Cocoon of luna Moth (Lepidoptera)
Cocoon of prometheca moth (Lepidoptera)

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Cocoon of green lace wing
Cocoon of brown lace wing
Cocoon of diamond back moth
Cocoon of spongilla fly

30. D. (II) VARIETIES IN HAIRY COCOONS
Pupa of tiger moth Pupa of oleander caterpillar
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31. D. (III) VARIETIES IN CAGED COCOONS
Pupa of urodid moth Pupa of arctiine moth
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32. D. (IV) VARIETIES IN METALLIC PUPA
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33. E. BASED ON ANTIPREDATOR
STRATEGIES
1. Cryptic colouration:
Pupa of Peacock
butterfly
Pupa of common maplet
butterfly
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Pupa of luna moth –hide
themselves in a leaf cover
Pupa of prometheca moth –
resembles dried leaf during
deciduous period

34. 2. Warning colouration:
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Pupa of lady bird
Chrysalids of papilionindae
Atrophaneura polydorus
Troides richmondia
Troides euphorion
Papilio ulysses Protographium leosthenes
Papilio fuscus
Papilio demoleus
Papilio anactuspolydorus
Papilio ambrax
Papilio aegeus
Graphium macleayanum
Graphium eurypylus
Graphium choredon
Graphium agamemnon
Cressida cressida

35. 3. Physical defense:
Pupa of common
postman butterfly
Pupa of white satin moth
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Cocoon of tent caterpillar
Pupa of firefly

36. 4. Chemical defense:
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Pupa of common
buck eye butterfly
Pupa of Scymnus posticalis

37. 5. Behavioural defense:
Pupaalconbluebutterfly–mimicksant’s
pupae&byproducingnectarysubstance
throughtheirhoneygland.Theykeepsthe
antsaroundthemfortheirprotection.
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Cocoonofurodidmoth–cageliketo
preventinvadingofants&toflush
rainwaterthroughthemastheirhabitat
isamazonrainforest.

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Pupaofhairstreakbutterfly–
resemblesbird’sdropping
Pupaoftenebrionidbeetle–posess3typesof
discreteelementarymotionsviz.,rapid
vibration,circularrotationandsmallwiggling
movements

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40. * A. LARGEST PUPA
Pupa of hercules beetle
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41. *B.GIANT ATLAS MOTH’S PUPA
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42. EMERGENCE
✓Insectsemergebysplittingthepupalcase
✓Timeofemergence:
1.Morning-Butterflies
2.Evening/night–Mosquitoes
✓Theadultinsidethepupalexoskeletonpriortotheemergenceistermed
as“pharate”
✓Aftertheemergenceofadultfrompupa,theemptypupalexoskeletonis
knownas“exuviae”
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43. DURATION
✓Pupationmaylastsforweeks,monthsandyears.
✓Dependsontheenvironmentalfactorsandtheinsectspecies.
✓Example:8-15days–MonarchButterflies.
✓Pupamayundergodormancyuntilappropriateseasoncomes.
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