DM (UNIT-1) (1).pptx

Introduction to Disaster

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYLLABUS UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO DISASTERS   Definition - Disaster, Hazard, Vulnerability, Resilience, Risks - Disaster - Types of disasters - Earthquake, Landslide, Flood, Drought, Fire - Classification, Causes, Impacts including social, economic, political, environmental, health, psychosocial, etc. - Differential impacts - in terms of caste, class, gender, age, location, disability - Global trends in disasters: urban disasters, pandemics, complex emergencies, Climate change - Do’s and Don’ts during various types of Disasters. UNIT-II APPROACHES TO DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Disaster cycle - Phases, Culture of safety, prevention, mitigation and preparedness community based DRR, Structural - non-structural measures, Roles and responsibilities of - community, Panchayati Raj Institutions/Urban Local Bodies (PRIs/ULBs), States, Centre, and other stakeholders - Institutional Processes and Framework at State and Central Level - State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) - Early Warning System - Advisories from Appropriate Agencies UNIT III INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISASTERS AND DEVELOPMENT Factors affecting Vulnerabilities, differential impacts, impact of Development projects such as dams, embankments, changes in Land-use - Climate Change Adaptation - IPCC Scenario and Scenarios in the context of India - Relevance of indigenous knowledge, appropriate technology and local resources.

2. DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYLLABUS UNIT IV DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN INDIA Hazard and Vulnerability profile of India, Components of Disaster Relief: Water, Food, Sanitation, Shelter, Health, and Waste Management, Institutional arrangements (Mitigation, Response and Preparedness, Disaster Management Act and Policy - Other related policies, plans, programs and legislation - Role of GIS and Information Technology Components in Preparedness, Risk Assessment, Response and Recovery Phases of Disaster - Disaster Damage Assessment UNIT V DISASTER MANAGEMENT:CASE STUDIES AND FIELD WORKS Landslide Hazard Zonation - Case Studies, Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings and Infrastructure - Case Studies, Drought Assessment - Case Studies, Coastal Flooding: Storm Surge Assessment, Floods - Fluvial and Pluvial Flooding - Case Studies - Forest Fire - Case Studies, Man Made disasters - Case Studies, Space Based Inputs for Disaster Mitigation and Management and field works related to disaster management. REFERENCES A.K Gupta, Sreeja S. Nair, SandhyaChatterji . “Disaster Management and Risk Reduction”, Narosa Public House, 2013. Singhal J.P. “Disaster Management”, Laxmi Publications, 2010. Tushar Bhattacharya, “Disaster Science and Management”, McGraw Hill India Education Pvt. Ltd., 2012.

3. INTRODUCTION TO DISASTERS Technical Terms Disaster Hazard Vulnerability Resilience Risk Hurricanes

4. D EFINITION Disasters A disaster or calamities is the realization of the different hazard. Disaster is a geological process and is defined as an event, concentrated in time and space, in which a society or sub-division of a society undergoes severe danger and causes loss of its members and physical property. Disaster is a sudden accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life. Ex) earthquakes, floods, cyclones, drought, volcanoes etc.,,, Hazard Hazard is a perceived natural event which threatens both life and property.

5. D EFINITION Vulnerability The quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed either physically or emotionally. Vulnerability is the inability to resist a hazard or inability to respond when a disaster has occurred. Resilience Disaster resilience is the ability of individuals, communities, organizations and states to adopt and recover from hazards, shocks or stresses without compromising long term prospects for development. Risk Disaster risk is expressed as the likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period of time.

6. TYPES OF DISASTER Based on the origin disaster is grouped into two types Natural disasters Man-made disasters Natural disasters It refers to those disasters that are generated by natural phenomena. ex) cyclones, floods, earthquakes, landslides and tsunami Man-made disasters It usually refers to the disasters resulting from man-made hazards. ex) Accidents, pollution, fire

7. EARTHQUAKES An earthquake is a sudden vibration caused on the earth surface due to the sudden release of tremendous amount of energy stored in the rock under the earth crust. Occurrence The earth crust has several tectonic plates of solid rock. These plates move slowly along their boundaries when friction prevents these plates from slipping, stress develops and results in sudden fractures along the fault lines with in the plates. This causes earthquakes and the violent vibrations in the earth. Cause of earthquakes Earthquakes are caused due to disequilibrium in any part of the earth crust. This disequilibrium is caused by volcanic eruptions, hydro static pressure of the man made water bodies like reservoirs, dams and lakes which inturn causes movement of plates.

8. EARTHQUAKES Underground nuclear testing Decrease of under ground water level. Richter scale Severity of earthquake Less than 4 Insignificant 4 to 4.9 Minor 5 to 5.9 Damaging 6 to 6.9 Destructive 7 to 7.9 Major More than 8 Great

9. EARTHQUAKES Effects of Earthquakes The shocks produced by earthquakes in hilly and mountains area may cause land slides which damage the settlements and transport system. It also collapses houses and other structures due to poor construction and the people die in thousands depending on the severity of the earthquake. Severe earthquake result in deformation of ground surface. Tsunami , the seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel through sea water and generates high sea waves called tsunami. This causes great loss of life and property. Earthquakes management or Preventive measures Damage to property and life can be prevented by constructing earthquake resistant building in the earthquake prone areas. Wooden houses are preferred in earthquake prone areas as in japan.

10. Seismic hazard map should give the information about the magnitude of intensity of anticipated earthquakes and seismology should analyse the pattern of micro seismicity and indicate the possibility of occurrence of earthquake in a potential area. Case Studies Earthquake in south America May 22, 1960 – magnitude of 9.5 Richter scale Affecting 90,000 square miles – killing 6000 people Earthquake in Iran 1971 – 25,000 people killed 1990 – 50,000 people were killed 2003 – 75,000 people were killed EARTHQUAKES

11. L ANDSLIDES Definition The movement of earthy materials like coherent rock, mud, soil and debris from higher region to lower region due to gravitational pull is called landslides. Causes of landslides Down hill movement of earth is mainly caused by rain, forces either increasing the top material weight, lubricating the various layers or making the slope to steep. Movement of heavy vehicles on the unstable sloppy regions create landslides.

12. L ANDSLIDES Erosion in the hilly track due to run-off water during rainy period also leads to landslides. Earthquakes, shocks, vibrations and cyclone create landslides. Underground caves and under ground mining activities may also lead to subsidence. Unconsolidated sediments exposed due to logging, road or house building also cause landslides. Effects of landslides Landslides block the roads and diverts the passage. Erosion of soil increase Sudden landslides damage the houses, crop yield and live stock.

13. L ANDSLIDES Landslides management (Preventive measures) Unloading the upper parts of the slope. Improving the cultivation in the sloppy region, the roots of which provide cohesion and retards the flow of water and its erosion capacity. Steepness of the slope can be reduced by developing benches. Concrete support can be made at the base of the slope. Draining the surface and subsurface water from the weak sloppy region. Soil stabilization using some chemical(quick lime) is also effective in the weak areas.

14. FLOOD Definition Whenever the magnitude of water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its banks, the excess of water over flows on the surroundings causes floods. Causes of Floods Heavy rain, rainfall during cyclone causes floods. Sudden snow melt also raises the quantity of water in streams and causes flood.

15. FLOOD Reduction in the carrying capacity of the channels due to accumulation of sediments causes floods. Sudden and excess release of impounded water behind dams. Human activities like construction of roads, buildings and parking space that cover the earth surface, prevents infiltration of water into the soil and speeds up the runoff. Clearing of forests for agriculture has also increased severity of floods. Effects of Floods Floods cause heavy suffering to people living in low lying areas because the houses and the properties are washed away. Floods damage standing crops and livestock. Floods cause a great economic loss and health related problems due to widespread contamination.

16. FLOOD Floods Management (Preventive Measures) Enroachment of flood ways should be banned. Building walls prevent spilling out the flood water over flood plains. Diverting excess water through channels or canals to areas like lake, river etc, where water is not sufficient. Build check dams on small streams, move building left the flood plains. Flood forecasts and flood warning are also used for flood management and given by central water commission. Reduction of runoff by increasing infiltration through appropriate afforestation.

17. DROUGHT Definition Drought is nothing but scarcity of water, which occurs due to inadequate rainfall, late arrival of rains and excessive withdrawal of ground water. Types of Drought Meteorological drought It occurs when the total amounts of rainfall is less than 75% of the normal rainfall. Hydrological drought It occurs when the total amount of rainfall is less than the average rainfall.

18. DROUGHT Agricultural drought This occurs due to the shortage of as well as the timing of overall rainfall which intern reduce the ground water, reservoir levels and Soil moisture. Agriculture droughts affects cropped plants. Socio-Economic drought It occurs due to reduction in the availability of food and social security of the people in the affected areas. Socio-Economic droughts leads to famine. Causes of drought When annual rainfall is below normal and less than evaporation, drought is created. High population is also another cause for drought. Population growth leads to poor land use and makes the situation worse.

19. DROUGHT Intensive cropping pattern and over exploitation of scarce water resources through dug well or bore well to get high productivity has converted drought prone areas into desert. Effects of drought Drought causes hunger, malnutrition and scarcity of drinking water and also changes the quality of water. Drought causes widespread crop failures leading to acute shortage of food and adversely affects human and livestock populations. The drought also accelerates degradation of natural resources. Drought leads to large migration of people and urbanization. Drought management Rain water harvesting programmed. To improve the ground water level construction of reservoirs are essential in drought area.

20. DROUGHT Modern irrigation technology (drip irrigation) is very much useful to conserve water. Mixed cropping pattern provided. Afforestation activities is also improves the potential of water in the drought area.

21. CYCLONE Definition Cyclone is a meteorological phenomena, Intense depression forming over the open oceans and moving towards the land or reaching the shores, it move into the interior of the land or along the shore lines. Thus the cyclones are the most powerful, destructive, dangerous atmospheric storms on the earth. The cyclone once formed may be active from days to weeks and their speed varies between 180 – 500km/hour

22. CYCLONE Occurrence Tropical cyclones in the warm oceans are formed because of heat and moisture. The main requirement of formation of tropical cyclone is that the sea surface temperature must be below 25 degree Celsius. The tropical cyclones moves like a spinning top at the speed of 10-30km/hr. India – cyclones occurs during October – December or April – May S.No Name of the cyclone Place 1 Hurricanes In Atlantic, USA 2 Typhoons Western Pacific, Japan 3 Cyclones Bangladesh, Eastern Coastal areas of India 4 Willy Willies In Australia

23. CYCLONE Effects of cyclones The damage depends on the intensity of cyclone, the damage to human life, crops, roads, transport, communications, tanks, canals, livestock could be heavy. Cyclone occurrence slow down the developmental activities of the area. Cyclone management (Preventive measures) Satellite images are used by meteorological departments for forecasting the weather conditions, which reveal the strength and intensity of storm. Radar system is used to detect the cyclone and is being used for cyclone warning. For observing the exact location of cyclone, every half an hour satellite pictures are analyzed. Cyclone is minimized by providing more trees on the coastal belt, construction of dams, dykes, embankments, wind breaks.

24. TSUNAMI Definition Tsunami is Japanese word which means “Harbour Wave” Tsu means harbour and nami means wave. Tsunami is a large wave that are generated in a water body when the sea flow is deformed by seismic activity. This activity displaces the overlying in the ocean.

25. TSUNAMI Causes of Tsunami Seismic activities like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and explosions can generate tsunami. Deformation of the sea floor due to the movement of plates. Effects of Tsunami Tsunami attacks mostly the coastlines, causing devastating property, damage and loss of life. Tsunami can kill lot of human beings, livestock's etc., Tsunami may also spread lot of water borne diseases. Tsunami management Earthquakes, under the water are monitored by sensors on the floor of the sea. The sensors send the information of floating buoys on the surface, whenever the detect any changes in pressure of the area.

26. TSUNAMI The information is then relayed to satellites, which passes it on to the earth stations. All member nations of the warning system are then warned of the danger approaching. Finally the country make the people alert through the media to take all necessity precautions.

27. FOREST FIRES Definition A large, destructive fire that spreads over a forest or area of wood land. Introduction or Occurrence The most common hazard in forests is forest fire. They posses a threat not only to the forest wealth but also to the entire regime to fauna and flora seriously distributing the bio-diversity and the ecology and environment of a region.

28. FOREST FIRES During summer, when there is no rain for months. The forest becomes littered with dry senescent leaves and twinges which could burst into flames ignited by the slightest park. Causes of forest fire Causes of forest fires can be divided into two broad categories ( i ) Environment and (ii) Human related. Environmental Many forest fire start from natural causes such as lightening which get trees on fire. However rain extinguishes such fires without causing much damage. High atmospheric temperatures and dryness offer favorable circumstance for a fire to start. Environment causes are largely related to climatic conditions such as temperature, wind speed and direction, level of moisture in soil and atmosphere and duration of dry spells. Other natural causes are the function of bamboos swaying due to high wind velocity and rolling stones that results in sparks settling off fires in highly inflammable leaf litter on the forest floor.

29. FOREST FIRES Human Related Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette, electric spark or any source of ignition comes into contact with inflammable material. Types of forest fire There are two types of forest fire ( i ) Surface fire and (ii) Crown fire Surface fire A forest fire may burn primarily as a surface fire spreading along the ground as the surface litter (senescent leaves, twigs and dry grasses) on the forest floor and is engulfed by the spreading flames. Crown fire The other types of forest fire is a crown fire in which the crown of trees and shrubs burn often sustained by a surface fire. A crown fire is particularly very dangerous in a coniferous forest.

30. FOREST FIRES Effects of forest fire Loss of valuable timber resources. Degradation of catchment areas. Loss of biodiversity and extinction of plants and animals. Loss of wildlife habitat and depletion of wildlife. Loss of natural regeneration and reduction in forest cover. Global warming. Loss of carbon sink resource and increase in percentage of CO 2 in atmosphere. Climate change. Lose of livelihood for tribal people and the poor as 300 million people are directly dependents upon forest area.

31. FOREST FIRES Forest fire management (Preventive Measures ) Forest fire management programmed should be conducted. Use water as a fire suppression tool. Use natural barriers to slow the spread of fires. Use CO 2 gas for fire fighting. Automatic fire detection and alarm system.

32. IMPACTS OF DISASTER ON SOCIETY Displaced Population One of the most immediate effects of natural disasters is population displacement. When countries are ravaged by earthquakes or other powerful forces of nature. Many people have to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions. A large influx of refugees can disrupt accessibility of health care and education as well as food supplies and clean water. Health Risks It is the second most damaging effect of disaster. Serve flooding can result in stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria – carrying mosquitoes. Food Scarcity After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce.

33. IMPACTS OF DISASTER ON SOCIETY Thousands of people around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a drought. Damaged infrastructure. Unemployment and economic loss. Militancy and crimes.

34. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTER Infrastructure destruction. Business disruption Mass unemployment Affect the commodity prices. Extra effects included diminished margins for industries from transportation to consumer yards. Strikes, scarcity rules and regular staples like food, merchandise and even housing can become commoditized as a result. Direct impacts : Occur immediately during or after disaster phenomenon damage to human and physical assets. ( Impacts on assets, Infrastructure, Capital, Stocks and loss of life) Indirect impacts : are perceived after the phenomenon, for a time period that can last from weeks to months till recuperation occurs

35. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTER Loss of investment Loss of earnings and unemployment. Increased expenses both private and public. Loss of productivity due to death, illness and injuries. Increase in operational cost Cost of alternative provision good and services. Decline in tax revenue Increases of prices and inflation. Balance of payments, trade deficits and raise in level of indebtedness. Loss of life Loss of livelihood Loss of property, household articles, crops and public infrastructure.

36. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTER Change in individuals role. Disruption of social fabric. Isolation Change in marital status Domestic violence Orphans Single parent children Family and social disorganization. Migration Life style changes Breakdown of traditional social status.

37. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF DISASTER Distress Flash backs Intrusion and Avoidance Haired and revenge Guilt feeling Hyper vigilance Lack of trust Helplessness Hopelessness Change of behaviour Loss of self control Loss of sleep.

38. POLITICAL IMPACTS OF DISASTER Political impacts are the effect on systems of power and government. Political instability. Affect the government policy Civil conflict, resulting in a collapse of political authority. Domestic violence, resulting in a collapse of political authority. Disasters often hit politically peripheral regions the hardest resulting is regional political tension. Political attitudes were expected to be prone to change after natural disasters. Political trust and government satisfaction among citizens are generally hardly affected by these events.

39. ENVIRONMERNTAL IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS Plants and animals should be destroy Loss of biodiversity Loss of wildlife habitat Loss of water sources Increasing air pollution Houses, buildings and other structures destroyed.

40. HEALTH IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS Increase the incidence of diarrhoea. Respiratory infections Water borne diseases formed (Typhoid, Cholera and Dysentery ) Physical injury formed. Loss of sleep. Mental health problems

41. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER

42. GLOBAL TRENDS IN DISASTER

43. URBAN DISASTER Definition Disasters are the result of the interaction of hazards and vulnerable conditions and as such the product of the social, political, and economic environments. When disasters affect cities or urban areas (nonrural contexts) they are referred to as urban disasters The urbanization of the worlds population is accelerating with climate change and conflict posing significant threats to the urban poor, urban populations are vulnerable to risks especially children . We live in an urban world, over half of the worlds population now lives in urban areas. A percentage that is expected to increase in the coming years. As more people live in cities, more urban residents will be affected by natural hazards. Moreover the frequency and severity of natural disasters is increasing. Not only will more people live in cities, but they will live in areas more prone to natural hazards. Globally two-thirds of the world cities with populations over five million are at least partially located in coastal zones . Areas susceptible to coastal flooding and to the effects of climate change – induced sea level rise, poorer people moving into cities are also likely to live in poor neighbourhoods located on marginal land in urban areas.

44. URBAN DISASTER In some respects working in cities is easier than working in rural areas. Communications and transportation are generally more developed in urban than in rural areas. Risk in urban areas is a combination of two factors: First location and exposure to hazards. Second increased vulnerability due to poor local governance, environmental degradation and the over stretching of resources. A natural disaster can cause loss of life and property and infrastructure damage and typically leaves substantial economic costs. The nature and form of urbanization also influence “risk of” and “vulnerability to” natural disasters in a number of ways. Examples of urban disaster such as floods, tsunami, earthquakes, cyclones, droughts, accidents and pollution.

45. URBAN PLANNING AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT Awareness program conducted Warning system provided Educate to people Legislation provided.

46. PANDEMICS OR EPIDEMICS Epidemics is a disease that has spread across a large region. Pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people. Pandemics can also occur in important agricultural organisms (live stock, crop plants, fish, tree species ) or in other organisms. It causes serious illness and can spread easily from one person to the next.

47. PANDEMICS OR EPIDEMICS A pandemic is usually caused by a new virus or bacteria or subtype that becomes easily transmissible between humans such as with the block death. A pandemic affects more people and can be more deadly than epidemic. It can also lead to more social disruption, economic loss and general hardship. Spanish – 1918 to 1920 – 75 million people death. Disease from pandemic such as malaria, typhus, yellow fever and cholera.

48. COMPLEX EMERGENCY It is a major humanitarian crisis that is often the result of a combination of instability, Conflict and violence, social inequities and underlying poverty. Examples – food insecurity, epidemics, conflicts and displaced populations, food shortage or mass famine.

49. CLIMATE CHANGE Climate is the average weather of an area. It is the general weather conditions, seasonal variations of a region. The average of such conditions over a long period is called climate. Causes of climate change Presence of green house gases in the atmosphere increases the global temperature. Depletion of ozone layer also increases the global temperature. Un even distribution of rainfall Rotation of earth on its axis Seasonal changes.

50. CLIMATE CHANGE Effects of climate change Even small changes in climatic conditions may disturb agriculture that would lead to migration of animals including humans. Climate change may upset the hydrological cycle results in floods and droughts in different regions of the world. Global pattern of winds and ocean currents also gets disturbed by the climate.

51. DO’S AND DONT’S DURING EARTHQUAKES Do’s during earthquakes Stay away from glass widows Move to a open place. If you are inside a vehicle stay inside and don’t stop If you are inside a building stay under a strong desk or table If there is no table or desk near you cover your face with arms Move to an open area away from all structures, especially buildings, bridges and over head power lines. Stay out of damaged buildings Listen to watch local TV for emergency information.

52. DO’S AND DONT’S DURING EARTHQUAKES Dont’s during earthquakes Don’t leave your mouth open instead cover it with a hand kerchief Don’t get inside the damaged buildings structures.

53. DO’S AND DONT’S DURING LANDSLIDES Do’s during landslides Increase of the danger of a landslide, move to higher regions. For example hills and mountains Plant more and more trees in landslide prone areas Move away from the path of a landslide as quickly as possible. Avoid living in river valleys and low lying areas. Don’s during landslides Don’t come in the path of a landslide Don’t move near to a river or a valley Don’t build houses in landslide prone areas Don’t climb trees, poles or don’t move inside buildings.

54. DO’S AND DONT’S DURING FIRES Do’s during fires If a fire is caused by electric shock you should always use sand or clay to extinguish the fire instead of water as it is a conductor of electricity. If a person gets fires take help of a cloth to extinguish fire from him. Don’s during fires Don’t run around if your clothes catch fire, you will fan the flames and make burning faster If fire is caused by some fuel, don’t use water to extinguish it as fuel floats an water so it will rise the fire.

55. DO’S AND DONT’S DURING TSUNAMI Do’s during tsunami People living in coastal areas should evacuate from their homes. Try to move to a higher places. In coastal areas stay alert of tsunami warnings. Dont’s during tsunami Don’t go to the coast to watch the tsunami.

56. IMPACTS DUE TO CASTE Banning of inter caste marriages Domination of higher castes in Indian government Limitation of jobs / location People were not allowed to marry people from different castes. Couldn’t eat with people from different castes Violence Fire formed

57. IMPACTS DUE TO GENDER Kill more women than men due to structural gender inequalities Based on the statistics, women are more vulnerable than men Types of disasters statistically show different gender based vulnerabilities Tornados : women have higher mortality due to poverty and lower grade housing Heat : men showed much higher mortality in specific Chicago example.

58. IMPACTS DUE TO AGE Older people are separated from their families Older people have physical disabilities Older people are cut-off from services Older people suffer physical and psychological distress Older people have specific health and nutritional needs Risk abuse and neglect, especially older women.

59. IMPACTS DUE TO DISABILITY Disasters increase the rate of disability in community For every person killed in a disaster, another they are injured or left with a permanent disability People with a disability experience increased vulnerability during natural disasters due to separation from family and loss of mobility devices. An estimated 40-70% of refugees population in conflicts settings experience depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.