DNA FINGERPRINTING PPT for identification.pptx

DNA fingerprinting ppt

1. DNA Fingerprinting Cell Molecular Biology

2. Table of contents Introduction to DNA Fingerprinting 01 Section Methods and Techniques 04 Section Principles of DNA Fingerprinting 02 Section Ethical and Legal Considerations 05 Section Application of DNA Fingerprinting 03 Section Future, directions and Innovations. 06 Section

3. Whoa! We have 98.7% of our DNA in common with chimpanzees and bonobos !!!!!

4. Introduction to DNA Fingerprinting Presented by Aditya Patel 01

5. Do you know about DNA Fingerprinting? Traditional belief : Fingerprints deemed 100% unique for contracts and criminal identification. Recent studies : Suggest fingerprints may not be entirely unique; some animals, like primates, have similar prints. Challenge : Overlapping fingerprints complicate identification. Solution : Dr. Alec Jeffreys invented DNA fingerprinting in 1984. Importance : DNA fingerprinting revolutionized forensic science for precise identification.

6. DNA fingerprinting : Identifies individuals via unique genetic makeup, except for identical twins. Collection : DNA samples from hair, saliva, blood, etc. Amplification : Specific genetic regions like SNPs amplified using PCR. Gel electrophoresis : Separates DNA fragments to form distinct bands. Analysis : Band patterns used for parentage determination, identity confirmation, etc. Significance : Key tool in forensic science for precise identification and diverse applications.

7. "DNA is like a blueprint for life: it's not just the plan, but it holds the echoes of generations past and possibilities of futures yet unwritten."

8. Principles of DNA Fingerprinting Presented by Suraj Mali 02

9. Human DNA: 99.9% identical among individuals; 0.1% unique, about 3 million base pairs. "Junk DNA": Non-coding, repetitive sequences, 95% of genetic DNA. Satellite DNA: Repeated sequences, separated as satellite from bulk DNA. Subcategories: Microsatellites and mini-satellites based on length, composition, and repetition. Polymorphism: Variant frequency > 0.01 population, arises from mutation More about DNA Fingerprinting…

10. Length polymorphisms: Variations in physical length due to mutations. Tandem repeats: Varying number of repeats at specific loci on chromosomes. STRs and VNTRs: Short tandem repeats (2-5 base pairs) and variable number tandem repeats (9-80 base pairs). DNA inheritance: 50% from each parent leads to unique VNTR composition. DNA fingerprinting principle: Distinct VNTR composition identifies individuals. Cleavage sites: DNA digestion with restriction enzyme yields different fragment patterns, basis of DNA fingerprinting.

11. Applications of DNA Fingerprinting Presented by Anshul Laxane 03

12. Forensic Investigations : Identifying individuals, linking suspects to crime scenes, and exonerating innocent individuals in criminal cases. Paternity and Relationship Testing : Determining biological relationships, such as paternity testing and confirming disputed parentage. Missing Persons and Mass Disaster Identification : Identifying missing persons, victims of mass disasters, and casualties of war by comparing DNA samples with reference samples. Wildlife Conservation : Combating illegal poaching and trafficking of endangered species, identifying confiscated animal products, and tracking wildlife populations using DNA fingerprinting. What can be applications of it?

13. Medical Diagnostics : Detecting genetic disorders, identifying disease-causing genes, and personalizing treatment based on genetics. Plant and Crop Improvement : Enhancing crop varieties, ensuring seed purity, and tracing plant material origins for agriculture improvement. Historical and Anthropological Research : Tracing human migration, studying population genetic diversity, and investigating species' evolutionary relationships. Food Safety and Authentication : Detecting food fraud, authenticating products, and ensuring labeling compliance to identify adulteration and mislabeling.

14. Awesome words A single gram of DNA can store about 215 petabytes (215 million gigabytes) of data, showcasing its incredible capacity for information storage.!!!!!

15. Methods and Techniques Presented by Harsh Verma 04

16. 1.Collection of DNA samples Select Sample Type : Extract DNA from blood, saliva, hair follicles, tissues, bone fragments. Use Proper Equipment: Sterile swabs, gloves, collection tubes, labels to avoid contamination. Collecting Blood: Use sterile needle and syringe, clean area with alcohol, draw blood, transfer to tube with anticoagulants . Collecting Saliva: Rinse mouth, spit into sterile container, or use saliva collection kits. Collecting Hair: Ensure follicle is intact, pluck or cut close to scalp, place in labeled envelope or container . What can be methods and techniques of it?

17. 2. DNA Extraction (A)Sample Preparation : Label and store samples properly to preserve DNA. Process samples for higher DNA yield, e.g., lyse red blood cells in blood samples. (B)Cell Lysis: Break open cells using chemical, mechanical, or enzymatic methods. Method choice depends on sample type and desired DNA quality. (C)Removal of Cellular Debris: Centrifuge to separate DNA from debris. Supernatant contains DNA and other cellular components. (D)DNA Purification: Use phenol-chloroform, silica columns, or magnetic beads to remove contaminants. Aim for pure DNA free from proteins, lipids, etc. (E)DNA Precipitation: Add salt and cold alcohol to precipitate DNA. Concentrates and recovers DNA from solution. (F)Storage: Store extracted DNA at -20°C or -80°C or use immediately for PCR or profiling.

18. 3.DNA Analysis and Interpretation (A)PCR Amplification: Amplify specific DNA regions (e.g., STR loci) using PCR. Primers target desired regions for amplification. (B)Fragment Separation: Separate DNA fragments by size using gel or capillary electrophoresis. Smaller fragments move faster and further. (C)Detection and Visualization: Use fluorescent dyes or radioactive labels for detection. Visualize fragments as peaks on an electropherogram. (D)Data Analysis: Analyze electropherogram to interpret DNA profile. Determine fragment size and quantity for profiling. (E)Profile Comparison: Compare sample profile to reference samples or databases. Assess allele sizes and numbers for matches. (F)Interpretation and Reporting: Draw conclusions about DNA source based on matches. Generate formal report for legal or investigative use. (G)Quality Assurance

19. Ethical and Legal considerations Presented by Shaunak Deshpande 05

20. Sharing your genetic information have far reaching consequences than you have imagined Sarah’s Eureka Sarah applies to Biotech company For a research position Sarah’s interview impacts employment Sarah’s concerns dwell way beyond professional lives to insurance Sarah’s awareness leads her to create a society where there is no genetic discrimination(thus, Ethics were born) The need of ethics in DNA analysis

21. Privacy Concerns : The use of DNA profiles raises concerns about privacy and data security. Unauthorized access to genetic information can lead to discrimination Informed Consent : Ensuring individuals understand the implications of DNA testing and the potential consequences of sharing their genetic data The golden sate killer case was dormant for many years The killer came to light after searching in public data bases This information is provided by people for genealogical purposes Thus consent means awareness about consequences Legal considerations : Its should be always that genetic information must always be taken In adherence to laws, a convict who is going to trial may not have the right to say that ethics matter but a convict who is not going to a trial (that is a court) has the LEGAL RIGHT to say NO to his DNA analysis Ethical/Legal considerations

22. Future Directions and Innovations Presented by Arya Yadav 06

23. Ultra-High Throughput Sequencing (UHTS) for Personalized Medicine : Enables precise disease predisposition identification, advancing preventive healthcare and targeted treatment strategies. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis for Ancestry : Allows detailed tracing of lineage and ethnic origins through minor DNA sequence variations, enhancing our understanding of genealogy. Epigenetics for Understanding Environmental Impacts : Focuses on how environmental factors affect gene expression, offering insights into individual health risks and potential preventive measures. Microbiome Fingerprinting for Health Insights : Analyzes the unique microbial ecosystem in our bodies to improve understanding of gut health, immune function, and overall well-being, leading to personalized dietary recommendations. Cell-Free DNA for Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing : Uses DNA fragments found in blood to safely detect fetal genetic conditions, providing an alternative to invasive testing methods. What’s Next?

24. Conclusion You can give a brief description of the topic you want to talk about here. For example, if you want to talk about Mercury, you can say that it’s the smallest planet in the entire Solar System

25. Harsh Verma Aditya Patel Our team Anshul Laxane Suraj Mali Shaunak Deshpande Arya Yadav

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