DNA STORAGE

lets store our data in our DNA

1. DNA DIGITAL STORAGE Name:- Khalid Majeed Mir Roll no. :- 321/14 Department:- IT Semester:- 7 th sem 11/9/2017 1 Guide :- Jasleen Mam

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION WHAT IS DNA DO WE NEED ANOTHER STORAGE TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE OF DNA CODES FOR ENCODING HOW DNA AS STORAGE TECHNOLOGY PROCESS WHY DNA APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENTS OUR FUTURE CONCLUSIONS REFRENCES

3. INTRODUCTION Refers to the scheme to store digital data in the base sequence of DNA Uses artificial DNA made using commercially available oligonucleotide synthesis

4. WHAT IS DNA ? Deoxyribonucleic acid Molecule that carries the genetic instructions Essential for all known forms of life C onsist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix Nature’s storage device, replicating and propagating genetic code over thousands of generations

5. DNA under an electron microscope

6. DO WE NEED ANOTHER STORAGE TECHNOLOGY? Rapid growth of data generated Information to be stored for long periods Prone to damage from external factors Rise in e-waste Requires more energy E-waste disposal site

7. STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA consists of Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Thymine(T) Paired into nucleotide base pairs A-T and G-C Backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues Single nucleotide can represent 2 bits of information

8. CODES FOR ENCODING The Huffman Code Perfect Genetic Code

9. HOW DNA AS STORAGE TECHNOLOGY? S ource data in form of binary bits (0 and 1) was converted to a tertiary bit code (0, 1 and 2) to decrease chances of encoding errors Following the conversion, the digital data is encoded into the nucleobases of DNA By altering the positions of nucleobases A,T,G and C, t he tertiary code can be mapped onto the nucleobases codes, thus making a repetitive blocks of nucleobases that encode data The encoded DNA then can be sequenced and read back to tertiary and then to binary data using technologies similar to those used to map the human genome

10. PROCESS Coding : Any digital file—a movie, medical records, the Encyclopedia Britannica—can be converted to a “genetic file” and stored as strands of DNA. First the digital file’s binary code is translated into the four-letter genetic code, composed of the As, Cs, Gs , and Ts that represent the chemical building blocks of DNA strands . Synthesis : Then a synthetic-biology company manufactures the strands to the customer’s specifications . Storage : A test tube containing the genetic file can be stashed away in cold storage until someone wants to retrieve the information .

11. WHY DNA?  A mere milligram of the molecule could encode the complete text of every book in the Library of Congress Very high data density More compact than current magnetic tape or hard drive storage

12. Human genetic code

13. APPLICATIONS National security for information hiding purposes and for data stenography Preserve safely the personal information of a person such as medical information and family history in their own bodies Storage of archival documents

14. DEVELOPMENTS Microsoft is making huge investment in DNA data storage research. The company reported that it had written  200 MB data , including War and Peace and 99 other literary classics, into DNA Twist Bioscience of San Francisco used a machine to create the strings letter by letter that can build up to 1.6 million strings at a time The field has scope for research in the coming years

15. OUR FUTURE!! An artist’s impression of a DNA storage device

16. CONCLUSION DNA-based storage has the potential to be the ultimate archival storage solution: it is extremely dense and durable.While this is not practical yet due to the current state of DNA synthesis and sequencing, both technologies are improving at an exponential rate with advances in the biotechnology industry.Given the impending limits of silicon technology, we believe that hybrid silicon and biochemical systems are worth serious consideration: time is ripe for computer architects to consider incorporating biomolecules as an integral part of computer design. DNA-based storage is one clear example of this direction.

17. REFERENCES [1] http:// www.nature.com/news/how-dna-could-store-all-the- world-s-data-1.20496 [2]https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~bornholt/papers/dnastorageasplos16.pdf [3]//www.idc.com/downloads/where_is_storage_infographic_243338.pdf [4]http :// www.synthesis.cc/2014/02/time-for-new-cost-curves-2014.html [5]http :// www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/18/facebook-builds-newdata- centers -for-cold-storage/ [6]http :// www.extremetech.com/computing/159245-new-optical-laser-canincrease-dvd- storage-up-to-one-petabyte

18. Questions?

19. THANK YOU !