DOPE TESTING.pptx

in this presentation about the dope testing for athletics who do doping and play game and win because of doping and sport physiotherapist who know about the methods and rule and regulation as well penalty for doping and precaution also

1. DOPE TESTING NISHITA PATEL FYMPT

2. OUTLINE WHAT IS DOPING ? WHY ATHLETES TAKE DRUG ? WHAT IS WADA OR NADA ? PROHIBITED METHODS NON INTENTIONAL DOPING DRUG TESTING ROLE OF THE TEAM CLINICIAN

3. WHAT IS DOPEING ? The International Olympic Committee’s ( IOC ) definition of Doping is defined as the presence of prohibited substances or methods to unfairly improve sporting performance and to gain an advantage over competitors.

4. WHY ATHLETES TAKE DRUG ? Direct or indirect pressure from coaches , parents , government authorities Lack of awareness Ignorance about drugs Drugs, a must for Winning. Fame & fortune. To cope with stress and injuries.

5. World anti-doping agency(WADA) Established in 1999 HQ – Montreal, Canada 192 countries and more than 570 sporting organizations have signed up with WADA. Motto-Play True

6. National Anti-Doping Agency (Nada) NADA is formed by the Union Government under the societies Registration Act. NADA includes scientists and representatives from the Indian Olympic Association (IOA).

7. PROHIBITED SUBSTANCE IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION S1. Anabolic Agents S2. Hormone related substance S3 Beta – 2 agonists S4 Agents with anti- estrogenic activity S5. Diuretics and Masking Agents IN COMPETITION ONLY S6. Stimulants S7. Narcotics S8 Cannabinoids S9. Glucocorticoids IN PARTICULAR SPORTS P1 Alcohol P2 Beta- blockers

8. PERMITTED SUBSTANCE Antibiotics Antidepressants Antidiarrheals Antihistamines Antihypertensives Antinauseants Aspirin NSAIDs Sleeping tablets Eye medications Oral contraceptives Skin creams and ointments

9. PROHIBITED METHODS M1 - ENHANCEMENT OF OXYGEN TRANSFER 1) blood doping 2) artificial oxygen carriers M2 – CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION M3 – GENE DOPING

10. M 1 - ENHANCEMENT OF OXYGEN TRANSFER 1) blood doping

11. aim of this procedure is to increase the red blood cell mass therefore increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Improved endurance Side-effects Allergic reactions may occur increased risk of blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B and C and HIV. increase the blood viscosity significantly and this may lead to some serious health risks due to sludging of blood, particularly in the cerebral circulation

12. 2) artificial oxygen carriers blood substitutes aim to provide oxygen-carrying capacity similar to that of natural blood. Haemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOCs) Perfluorocarbon-Based Oxygen Carriers (PFCs) HBOCs are semisynthetic systems that utilize natural Hb as the oxygen-carrying component  type of artificial blood substitute made from molecules of hemoglobin  It can readily release oxygen into the tissues and its effect on exercise performance, showed increased oxygen uptake a group of synthetic compounds similar to hydrocarbons to which fluorine atoms have been added It has very small particles, 0.2 μm in diameter, which can deliver oxygen to the tissues through very small blood vessels. They are capable of physically dissolving large amounts of oxygen in plasma A high partial pressure gradient is required to dissolve a large quantity of oxygen in the PFCs

13. M2 – CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION

14. M3 – GENE DOPING Gene doping is a term used to describe the use of gene therapy techniques to enhance athletic performance manipulating an athlete's genes to improve physical abilities, such as strength, endurance, or muscle growth. It's important to emphasize that gene doping is both unethical and dangerous two distinct approaches used in genetic manipulation

15. Viral Vectors: CRISPR-Cas9 Technology Viral vectors are modified viruses that are used to introduce specific genetic material into target cells. Commonly used viral vectors include retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses CRISPR-Cas9 technology utilizes a system derived from the bacterial immune system. The process begins by designing a guide RNA (gRNA) that matches the target DNA sequence. RNA is combined with the Cas9 protein to create a CRISPR-Cas9 complex. This complex is then introduced into the target cells. Cas9 protein to the specific target DNA sequence within the genome. Cas9 acts as molecular scissors, cutting the DNA at the targeted location. cell's natural DNA repair mechanisms come into play. These mechanisms can result in gene knockout (disabling the gene), gene replacement, or the introduction of specific genetic changes.

16. NON – INTENTIONAL DOPING IN SPORT Non-intentional doping in the context of sports refers to situations where athletes inadvertently or unintentionally violate anti-doping regulations by testing positive for prohibited substances, despite not having the intention to gain a competitive advantage through doping. This can happen for various reasons, including contamination of supplements, the use of medications for legitimate medical purposes, environmental exposure, The goal of addressing non-intentional doping is to protect athletes who are genuinely not trying to cheat but might accidentally expose themselves to prohibited substances

17. DRUG TESTING Selection = Any time including while injury or post operative Notification = In person at any time (in or out competition ) by telephone (out of competition ) by writing notice (out of competition ) Presenting for a drug testing = The drug control official recodes the athletes detail on notification form which is kept as record.

18. in the presence of the chaperone the athlete may : receiving necessary medical attention attend victory ceremony fulfil media commitment compete in further events warm – down eat or drink ( during competition events selected drinks are provided and they only consume these fluid until after testing is completed

19. Sample collection = types of samples are urine, blood, saliva, and hair. But they require to provide urine sample direct view they not allow to observe the actual collection of sample a minimum of 80 ml of urine is required for competition and 60 ml for out of competition Athletes will ask to select a sample collection kit which consist two bottle label A or B

20. Splitting , sealing and labelling of the sample = ask to pour measured amount of urine into both bottles , athlete will seal the bottles with self – sealing , one – use only , lids provides and the sample code number of kit will be identified and recoded Checking pH and concentration of sample = drug control official will check the pH and specific gravity if pH is < 5 or > 9 or urine has specific gravity < 1.010 , second specimen is required if the second one is also outside of range than test will still proceed

21. Final paperwork = At this stage the competitor provides the medical declaration which is extremely important the competitor asked to list all medication taken , this list should include all vitamins ,amino-acids , and other supplements . It is vitally important that the list will be completed accurately as all substance taken in that period are likely to show up in the laboratory test and the representative and drug control officer checks all written information if satisfied , sign the form and the competitor is given the copy.

22. Initially only A sample is analysed and if it is positive it informed to the drug testing agency , and if the B sample is also positive relevant sporting organization are informed . It is responsibility of relevant sporting organization to determine what penalty or section are to be applied . WADA has designed penalties to which most sporting bodies now adhere.

23. Role of the team clinician Extremely important role to play in the prevention and management of doping problems Primary goal is educate the team member Know prohibited list Prescription of drug Drug testing protocol Travel

24. reference PETER BRUKNER AND KARIM KHAN CLINICAL SPORTS MEDICINE 3 rd. Ed . www. wada –ama .org