Doping and its effects

Doping and its effects

1. DOPING AND ITS EFFECTS By Radhika D Prabhu

2. Dope” – from Dutch word ‘ Dop ’ – an alcoholic beverage from grape skins, used by Zulu warriors to enhance their power in battle. Doping is usually considered to be the deliberate or accidental use by athletes of substances or techniques that may enhance performance.

3. WADA – World Anti-Doping Agency Established in 1999 • HQ – Montreal, Canada Created to promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against doping in sport in all its forms. 192 countries and more than 570 sporting organizations have signed up with WADA

4. Definition Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following anti-doping rule violations: Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete’s sample Tampering with any part of the doping control process Refusing to submit to sample collection after being notified Trafficking a prohibited substance or method Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method Possession of a prohibited substance or method Failure to file athlete where abouts information & missed tests Administering or attempting to administer a prohibited substance or method to an athlete Complicity in an ADRV Prohibited Association with sanctioned Athlete Support Personnel

5. India ranks 3rd for third year in a row in WADA doping charts R eport published by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for 2015 with 117 athletes from the country being punished after testing positive for banned substances . T wo are non-analytical ADRVs Out of the 115 analytical ADRVs, 78 are committed by male athletes while 37 are by female .

6. Why are they banned? Health Concerns Ethical Concerns Legal Concerns

7. Classification

8. Performance Stimulants Caffine Amphetamines Cocaine Build Muscle /bone Anabolic steroids Beta -2 Agonists hCG LH hGH IGF-1 Insulin Relaxants Alcohol Beta- blockers Cannabinoids Mask Pain Narcotics ACTH Cortisone Local anesthetics Increase Oxygen delivery EPO Blood Doping Artificial oxygen carriers Reduce Weight Diuretics Mask drug use Diuretics Epitestosterone Plasma expanders secretion inhibitors

9. Category Class Examples Stimulants Caffeine -   Amphetamines -   Cocaine - Build muscle/bone Anabolic steroids Testerone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione   Beta -2 Agonists Salbutamol, fenoterol Relaxants Alcohol -   Beta- blockers Labetalol, betaxolol   Cannabinoids marijuana and hashish Mask pain Narcotics Morphine , methadone, heroin   ACTH -   Cortisone -   Local anesthetics Novacaine , procaine Increase Oxygen delivery EPO -   Blood Doping -   Artificial oxygen carriers Perfluorocarbons, synthetic or modified haemoglobin Reduce weight Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide Mask drug Use Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide   Epitestosterone -   Plasma expanders Albumex , Gelofusine , Haemaccel   Secretion inhibitors Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone

10. Build Muscle and Bone

11. Anabolic Steroids In Males Baldness Aggression B reast development High b lood pressure In Females Stimulate hair growth on the face and body Suppress or interfere with menstrual cycle, possibly leading to infertility Thicken the vocal cords, which causes the voice to deepen, possibly permanently If pregnant, interfere with the developing fetus Mostly testosterone and its derivatives

12. Peptide Hormones, and others E.g. Human Growth Hormone Hormone taken in an attempt to increase size and strength of muscles . Protein Synthesis, Bone Growth and Breakdown of fat. Health risks include: acromegaly - athlete’s hands, feet and face grow very large problems with joints and muscles making it difficult to train or compete diabetes

13. Cntd … Insulin and Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1) Metabolism of starches, sugars, fats and proteins. Stimulates protein synthesis and reduces fat Side Effect : Low blood sugar

14. Mask Pain

15. Narcotic Analgesics E.g. heroin, morphine These are strong painkillers used by athletes to mask the pain of injury. These can affect the athlete in the following ways: a loss of balance decreased ability to concentrate sleepiness breathing becomes slower nausea and vomiting further aggravation of injury

16. Increase Oxygen Delivery – BLOOD DOPING

17. Erythropoietin (EPO) Taken to increase red blood cell count to increase oxygen uptake. Health risks include: thickening blood clots , thrombosis stroke or heart-failure

18. Effects of Blood Doping Flaws in technique can lead to complications ranging from bacterial infections to fatal reactions. The sharing of needles or blood can lead to diseases such as hepatitis or HIV.

19. Stimulants A rise in body temperature The body having difficulty cooling down Faster breathing Increase in blood pressure Problems with coordination and balance Violent and aggressive behaviour

20. Diuretics The use of diuretics may cause the athlete to: Faint and become dizzy Get headaches Feel nauseous Lose coordination and balance Get cramps Have kidney and heart failure

21. Relaxants

22. Beta Blockers Beta Blockers act to: lower blood pressure slow the heart rate steady hand movement They may cause: harm to athletes with low blood pressure, heart problems, asthma depressive symptoms such as insomnia, nightmares and depression sexual dysfunction tiredness

23. Alcohol Involvement in sport may actually encourage alcohol consumption: after game drinks to celebrate wins or commiserate losses after training drinks spectator consumption of alcohol during sporting events sporting stars promoting alcohol sports events sponsored by alcohol companies The link between alcohol and the sporting culture is very strong, therefore young athletes may be vulnerable to the misuse of alcohol.

24. Caffeine Caffeine is sometimes used by athletes to try to hide how tired they are feeling. Covering up this feeling of tiredness can result in injury of sickness . Caffeine is also responsible for: a small increase in blood pressure a small increase in body temperature an increase in how often a person may need to go to the toilet (diuresis) making it more difficult to fall asleep headaches is some athletes

25. Mask Drug Use

26. Secretion Inhibitors Eg . sulfinpyrazone and related compounds Nausea Vomiting Allergic reactions and Kidney problems

27. In  2000, discus thrower Seema Antil was stripped of her gold medal at the World Junior Championships and issued a public warning by her national federation for testing positive for psuedoephedrine , a sympathomimetic drug often used as a nasal/sinus decongestant and stimulant. In 2010 , shot putter Saurabh Vij got a two-year ban for testing positive for banned stimulant Methylhexaneamine . In 2011 , sprinter Jauna Murmu tested positive for Methandienone in an out of competition and was subsequently handed a two-year doping ban. India's hopes for the upcoming Rio Olympics 2016 suffered a huge setback when wrestler Narsingh Yadav was tested positive for banned substances by the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA).

28. References Anti-Doping Important Facts and Highlights from WADA’s Athlete Guide Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis pp 99-126, Part of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology book series (HEP, volume 195) V. Birzniece , Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions Volume 45, Issue 3, March 2015 , Pages 239–248 David J Handelsman , Performance Enhancing Hormone Doping in Sport, Endotext [Internet], 2015 Website: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiT39b4oInWAhXIv48KHV_aBWgQFggnMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaaf.org%2Fdownload%2Fdownload%3Ffilename%3Dc3ec4cd7-c80f-4062-85d2-efaf8c26afce.pdf%26urlslug%3DChapter%252015%253A%2520Drugs%2520in%2520sport%2520%252F%2520Doping%2520control%2520&usg=AFQjCNFh-ht71q5j6RjJXe0ZVVNxBsNAnA

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