DOXIADIS (HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING)

DOXIADIS
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING
CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOU DOXIADIS
THEORY OF EKISTICS
Minor shells- Micro-settlements- Meso-settlements- Macro-settlements-Ekistics Logarithm Scale:-
BY EVOLUNITARY PHASE
BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE
CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD
Master Plan
Comparison of Land cover
CONCEPT OF CITY PLANNING
ROAD NETWORK & HIERARCHY
ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORT
HOUSES AND STREET PATTERN
GRID SYSTEM
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CITY

1. HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANING (ARCH- 255) DOXIADIS Presented by- Abhijay Akanksha Madhulika Rohan Saurabh Vaishnavi AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING AUUP,NOIDA Sem-IV (2020-2021), Section-A B. Arch 2019-24

2. CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOU DOXIADIS C. A. Doxiadis, was a Greek architect and town Planner. He was known as the lead architect of Islamabad. He is one of the preeminent figures of 20th century city and regional planning. He designed more than forty new cities around the world based on his vision of the emerging global city The father of ekistics. (Ekistics concerns the science of human settlements, including regional, city, community planning and dwelling design). His planning theory, ekistics, aimed to propose a Radically new approach to urban and regional Planning.

3. THEORY OF EKISTICS The term Ekistics was coined by Greek architect and urban planner Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942. Includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design. The principles considers when building his settlements, as well as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size and quality.  Ekistics aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to learn from the archeological and historical record by looking not only at great cities, but, as much as possible, at the total settlement pattern. Classification of Human Settlement:- By Ekistics Units By Ekistics Elements By Evolutionary Phases By Factors & Disciplines CLASSIFICATION:-

4. BY EKISTICS UNITS:- Minor shells - Man(Anthropos), room, house. Micro-settlements - units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where people used, do & still do achieve interconnection by walking (house group, small neighborhood). Meso-settlements - between traditional town & conurbation within which one can commute daily (small polis, polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis). Macro-settlements - whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis  EKISTIC UNITS: 15 LEVELS Ekistics Logarithm Scale:- A classification of settlements according to their size, presented based on a logarithmic scale, running from single unit(Man) to Ecumenopolis(Hypothetical concept of planetwide city) This theory was proposed as Doxiadis had in mind the city in future would eventually increase in size and density hence a unit to quantify in a more specific manner.

5. B. BY EKISTICS ELEMENT:- Human settlement is a place that is inhabited by humans that includes content elements and container elements. Elements of ekistics are divided into five parts:- Nature :-   Including physical geography, soil resources, water resources, plant and animal life. Anthropos :- A term designating an individual in a relation of personal dependence Society :- This study examines the elements of society through sub-variables in the form of social conditions that exist in the scope of settlements. Shells :- Humans initially started by changing nature by building huts. After that, began to have expertise in the agricultural revolution which subsequently created various types of houses. Networks :- Especially the transportation network that contributes to the access of occupancy to centers of activities and clean water networks as a means of basic human needs.

6. C. BY EVOLUNITARY PHASE:- PHASE 1 PRIMITIVE NON ORGANIZED HUMAN SETTELMENT PRIMITIVE MAN (Tree tops,Branches,Tree holes and Caves) PALEOLITHIC-OLD STONE AGE NOMADS Temporary Shelter(Huts of wood,straws,etc ) MESOLITHIC- MIDDLE STONE AGE STATIC URBAN SETTLEMENT OR CITIES DUE TO EXCESSIVE MIGRATION Development came out of fort to accommodate more people giving rise to bigger settlement.(Formation of Larger Town/Cities) PALEOLITHIC-OLD STONE AGE PHASE 3 PHASE 2 PRIMITIVE ORGANIZED HUMAN SETTELMENT FARMERS AND HERDERS Permanent Shelters(Formation of Village) NEOLITHIC-NEW STONE AGE CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN Non agricultural fortified settlement were built with moats all around. (Formation of Towns) MESOLITHIC- MIDDLE STONE AGE

7. D. BY FACTOR AND DISCIPLINE:- Economics :- It plays an important role in human settlement as the people belonging to same economy factor will like to settle in the same group of settlement. Cultural Discipline:- It is a set of transactions, processes, mutations, practices, technologies, institutions, out of which things and events are produced, to be experienced. Technical Discipline:- The term is used to apply to a wide range of education disciplines, from accounting and fashion design through public administration and welding. Political Science and Administration:- The discipline of Political Science analyses the processes by which resources are allocated and values are developed and discussed within a political system. Social Science:- Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.

8. Islamabad, the new Capital of Pakistan, planned by Constantinos A. Doxiadis and Doxiadis Associates in the late 1950s . A fast-growing city of about 1.5 million inhabitants, forming, together with the adjacent old city of Rawalpindi and a National Park, a Metropolitan Area (Greater Islamabad/Rawalpindi Area) of about 4.5 million inhabitants. CASE STUDY: ISLAMABAD Pakistan experienced a huge influx of population upon its two major cities Lahore and Karachi and the then regime realized A new “Capital City is a must to just not organize the population but also represent an organized city as the face and gateway to Pakistan Drawing the lines between the Theory and its relevance in Islamabad

9. Master Plan

10. Master Plan

11. Comparison of Land cover The decrease in the water bodies is significant, the city water bodies have negatively declined in 20 years(Raval lake). Built Up are has significantly increased due to increase in population. The Northern Forest Ranges have been converted into agriculture Areas. Some part of Barren land has been converted into agriculture area.

12. 1.CONCEPT OF CITY PLANNING Doxiadis, carried out research as the site selection process based on his theory of Ekistics. For the ‘city of future’, he utilized his ideas of ‘Dynapolis’ and ‘Ecumenopolis’. The plan is based on the “Dynametropolis” concept, giving the possibility of continuous expansion with the least possible adverse effects in traffic and generally, in the functioning of the Metropolis. Both Islamabad and Rawalpindi, central cores and residential areas, may expand dynamically. CITY ZONES SECTORS The smallest module of the Ekistical grid of the Anthropos to achieve the basic module of Islamabad’s grid. This square was derived from the distance of 2000 square meter; a man can reach by foot. These organizational units of 2.2 × 2.2 km were named as a ‘sector’.

13. 2.ROAD NETWORK & HIERARCHY The field pattern provides for a hierarchical distribution of roads, starting from the highways, which have 1,200 ft. rights-of-way. The secondary roads have 600 ft rights-of-way. The third category consists of roads 100-300 ft wide entering the sectors and surrounding the residential communities. The last category of roads, those leading to individual houses and buildings, run into the residential communities. A system of four highways becomes the basic step for the metropolitan area. These axes form a big square, which will define all future transportation systems and all major functions within the metropolitan area.

14. The road widths and view of the civic center from Presidential Building

15. 2.1.ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORT Efforts have been made to convert urban road networks built before the era of the automobile to hierarchical road networks. These networks consist of properly spaced arteries, collector and local streets, each serving the appropriate category and number of through and access movements. Also, in many in stances, mass transportation has helped reduce the use of private vehicles, thus coping with new demands caused by the continuous increase in population and automobile ownership. However, the limitations imposed by existing road patterns do not allow for the development of the proper configuration, spacing and capacity of the road network. This, in turn, affects the quality of life and in creases traffic accidents in residential areas. Built next to the large, existing city of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, "the city of Islam," offers the opportunity to compare a new, well-conceived, gridiron pattern of main roads to an old, unplanned, spider network gradually developed in an irregular way. Functional layout of Principal Road Implementation of Functional Road

16. 3.HOUSES AND STREET PATTERN The area allocation of housing typology was initially planned according to the income groups of people and the house size varied according to it. Special efforts were made to avoid irregular plots, especially in low-income areas.

17. Islamabad is planned according to a hierarchical system of communities of various classes, each class comprising the functions corresponding to its size. These communities are properly served by a major transportation system developed within wide corridors of a grid-iron configuration, surrounding and defining the higher-class communities. Local and collector low speed roads, wide sidewalks, pedestrian roads and bicycles lanes within the lower class “human communities” provide access to the major transportation system. The hierarchical system of communities and transportation facilities, contributes to the reduction of travel distances/times and accidents, and to the promotion of “green transport” 4.GRID SYSTEM

18. 4.1.GRID SYSTEM The city was conceived into grid-iron patterns developed into 2 kilometers by 2 kilometers sectors segregated by the hierarchy of wide principal roads (600 ft.) comprising Islamabad and Rawalpindi area. The sectors were used for distinct land uses such as residential, educational, commercial and administrative. Pott (1964) shows his disappointment on the rigid grid-iron pattern and straight highways and hopes that this will be only in diagram. Housing is provided in grid-iron pattern sectors on disciplined hierarchy of communities according to their income groups. In the square grid of sectors, four communities clustered around an enlarged shopping center. To slow down traffic, shopping activities were organized in the center of a larger square settlement . Meier (1985) worried about the rigidity of the hierarchy and argued that accelerated economic development require more open social structure. ` Commercial complex F-8 SECTOR 2 KM.

19. 5.Zone Division Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area.

20. This zone constitutes sectors upto the existing alignment of the G.T. road from the point Of intersection of G.T. road with Shahrah-e-Kashmir to the point of the Nicolson Monument inclusive of sector H14, H-15, H-16, H-17, I-14, I-15, I-16, I-17 The zone consists of an area bounded by G.T. road in the north & north east, north of Shahrah-e-Kashmir and Capital limits in thewest , comprising residential sectors G-15 (part), G-16, G-17,F-15 (part), F-16, F-17, E-15 (part), E-16, E-17, D-16, D-17, C-17, AND B-17. ZONE-1 ZONE-2 Zone 2, with an area of 9804 acres, is connected with zone 1 and enjoys a prime location.

21. This zone comprises Islamabad Park and rural periphery wedged between Murree road towards north and Lehtrar road towards south and extending beyond Simly road upto the ICT limits in thenorth east. This zone excludes the part of Margallah Hills National Park and Rawal Lake Margallah Hills National Park as notified under section 21 of the Islamabad Wild Life (Protection, Preservation, Conservation & Management) Ordinance. 1979, Other protected ranges, forest areas and un-acquired land falling between the Margallah Hills & north of Murree Road shall constitute this zone. The commercial area of Sector I-9 runs through the centre of the neighbourhood , separating I-9/1 and I-9/4 from I-9/2 and I-9/3. Unlike Sector I-8, this sector is not entirely residential. It is partly industrial boasting industries such as Wilson's Pharmaceuticals, Koshar Industries, Swat Marble Industries, Silk Route Industries, and many more. ZONE-3 ZONE-4

22. This zone comprises areas falling south of Islamabad Park and extending up to outer limits of ICT towards south, south west and south east. ZONE-5 The capital city of Pakistan, Islamabad, is divided into sectors, with each sector being equally well-planned and mapped out with all the amenities needed to make it habitable neighborhood. One such sector is I-10 in Islamabad, located at the south-west of the city. The sector is sub-divided into four equal divisions, namely I-10/1, I-10/2, I-10/3, and I-10/4. Like every other sector in Islamabad, there is a dedicated area for commercial activities, and the commercial zone

23. 6. Isolation of Bureaucracy As in Brasilia, New Delhi and elsewhere the isolation of the capitol complex from the rest of the city or the existing city was a feature of planning in the twentieth century city Capitals. Similarly, in Islamabad the capitol complex was isolated from the rest of the city by placing it on the north-east and a long avenue leading to this administrative center. The placement of the capitol complex at the corner with Margalla Hills as the backdrop is a mere way of showcasing the power to the people Doxiadis wrote that the main axis running through Islamabad on the East West axis will be called Capitol Avenue and would end at the Presidential palace located in a ‘commanding position’ at the top of a hill in the core of the plan. As the road will be fixed and the position of the seat of the government would be at a higher altitude it would ‘dominate the city’ even when the city has expanded A specific study was conducted on densities which correlated that the height of the buildings would give a rising effect towards the administrative center and the height of any building should not surpass the roof of the president’s house. Model of Islamabad-Capitol Avenue (1961)

24. CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED BY THE CITY A transportation study conducted in 2004-5 has pointed out traffic problems created by improper behavior of road users, (lack of respect to traffic lights, to lanes for opposing traffic, etc.), by the public transport drivers (stopping anywhere to drop and pick up passengers), by improper design and signage of intersections, by lack of systematic police enforcement, etc. Parking is a huge issue these days especially in blue area where most offices are situated. Population growth was considered by Doxiadis, but the exponential growth of automobiles was not considered. Water issues in some parts of the city for example sectors i8 i9 i10 have severe water shortage. Rapid urbanization is making city less livable.

25. CONNECTIVITY

26. CONCLUSION Doxiadis has used the spatial organization of the city, in terms of the location’s choices of the functional areas to isolate the governmental buildings from the living environments, at the north-eastern end of the city which has ended up in isolating the bureaucracy in Islamabad. Pakistan as a nation face the problem of economic stratification, social scientists and economists believe that the root problem with the Pakistani society is how the rich is getting richer and poor the poorer. Islamabad today is not what it was designed for, It is no more isolated from the business and commercial activities. Population in Islamabad has risen from 0.340 million to 1.124 million within 25 years showing an overall increase of 230% with an average annual growth of 6%. The increasing economic activities have given birth to high rise building, residential apartments, housing schemes, educational institutions, industrial units and new markets. These pressures forced Capital Development Authority (CDA) to alter the Master Plan of Islamabad and upgrade the physical infrastructure. Islamabad is a “UNIQUE” example of a large new city “PLANNED FOR THE FUTURE AND BUILT FOR THE PRESENT”, fully respecting the long-term planning.

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