Dr. ibrahim abdi hassan Research-Design-PPT-6-IIBM-1.pptx

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1. Business Research Methods Research Design PPT - 6 Prof. Upendra More FYMMS Indira Institute of Business Management -Sanpada

2. Definition of Research Design A detailed outline of how an investigation will take place. A  Research Design  will typically include how data is to be collected, what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the intended  means  for analyzing data collected.

3. Definition of Research Design A  research design  is the set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing measures of the variables specified in the research problem. The design of a study defines the study type descriptive, correlation, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal  case study ),  research problem ,  hypotheses ,  independent and dependent variables ,  experimental design , and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan. A research design is a framework that has been created to find answers to research questions.

4. Definition of Research Design Research design is defined as a framework of methods and techniques chosen by a researcher to combine various components of research in a reasonably logical manner so that the research problem is efficiently handled. It provides insights about “how” to conduct research using a particular methodology. Every researcher has a list of research questions which need to be assessed – this can be done with research design. The sketch of how research should be conducted can be prepared using research design. Hence, the  market research study will be carried out on the basis of research design.

5. The design of a research topic is used to explain the type of research ( experimental ,  survey ,  correlational , semi-experimental, review) and also its sub-type (experimental design, research problem, descriptive case-study). There are three main sections of research design: Data collection, measurement, and analysis. The type of research problem an organization is facing will determine the research design and not vice-versa. Variables, designated tools to gather information, how will the tools be used to collect and analyze data and other factors are decided in research design on the basis of a research technique is decided.

6. Research Design Characteristics There are four key characteristics of Research Design Neutrality:   The results projected in research design should be free from bias and neutral. Understand opinions about the final evaluated scores and conclusion from multiple individuals and consider those who agree with the derived results. Reliability:  If a research is conducted on a regular basis, the researcher involved expects similar results to be calculated every time. Research design should indicate how the research  questions  can be formed to ensure the standard of obtained results and this can happen only when the research design is reliable.

7. Continue…… Validity:   There are multiple measuring tools available for research design but valid measuring tools are those which help a researcher in gauging results according to the objective of research and nothing else. The  questionnaire developed from this research design will be then valid. Generalization:   The outcome of research design should be applicable to a population and not just a restricted sample. Generalization is one of the key characteristics of research design.

8. Types of Research Design A researcher must have a clear understanding of the various types of research design to select which type of research design to implement for a study. Research design can be broadly classified into Quantitative and Qualitative research design . Qualitative Research Design:  Qualitative research  is implemented in cases where a relationship between collected data and observation is established on the basis of mathematical calculations. Theories related to a naturally existing phenomenon can be proved or disproved using mathematical calculations. Researchers rely on qualitative research design where they are expected to conclude “why” a particular theory exists along with “what” respondents have to say about it.

9. Continue…. Quantitative Research Design:  Quantitative research  is implemented in cases where it is important for a researcher to have statistical conclusions to collect actionable insights. Numbers provide a better perspective to make important business decisions. Quantitative research design is important for the growth of any organization because any conclusion drawn on the basis of numbers and analysis will only prove to be effective for the business.   Further, research design can be divided into five types – Descriptive Research Design Experimental Research Design Correlation Research Design Diagnostic Research Design Explanatory Research Design

10. Descriptive Research Design:  In a descriptive research design, a researcher is solely interested in describing the situation or case under his/her research study. It is a theory-based research design which is created by gather, analyze and presents collected data. By implementing an in-depth research design such as this, a researcher can provide insights into the why and how of research.   Experimental Research Design:  Experimental research  design is used to establish a relationship between the cause and effect of a situation. It is a causal research design where the effect caused by the independent variable on the dependent variable is observed. For example, the effect of an independent variable such as price on a dependent variable such as customer satisfaction or brand loyalty is monitored. It is a highly practical research design method as it contributes towards solving a problem at hand. The independent variables are manipulated to monitor the change it has on the dependent variable.  It is often used in social sciences to observe human behavior by analyzing two groups – affect of one group on the other. Further, research design can be divided into five types –

11. Correlational Research Design:  Correlational research  is a non-experimental research design technique which helps researchers to establish a relationship between two closely connected variables. Two different groups are required to conduct this research design method. There is no assumption while evaluating a relationship between two different variables and statistical analysis techniques are used to calculate the relationship between them. Correlation between two variables is concluded using a correlation coefficient, whose value ranges between -1 and +1. If the correlation coefficient is towards +1, it indicates a positive relationship between the variables and -1 indicates a negative relationship between the two variables.  

12. Diagnostic Research Design:  In the diagnostic research design, a researcher is inclined towards evaluating the root cause of a specific topic. Elements that contribute towards a troublesome situation are evaluated in this research design method. There are three parts of diagnostic research design: Inception of the issue Diagnosis of the issue Solution for the issue   Explanatory Research Design:   In exploratory research design, the researcher’s ideas and thoughts are key as it is primarily dependent on their personal inclination about a particular topic. Explanation about unexplored aspects of a subject is provided along with details about what, how and why related to the  research questions .

13. The essentials of action research design follow a characteristic cycle whereby initially an exploratory stance is adopted, where an understanding of a problem is developed and plans are made for some form of interventionary strategy. Then the intervention is carried out [the "action" in action research] during which time, pertinent observations are collected in various forms. The new interventional strategies are carried out, and this cyclic process repeats, continuing until a sufficient understanding of [or a valid implementation solution for] the problem is achieved. The protocol is iterative or cyclical in nature and is intended to foster deeper understanding of a given situation, starting with conceptualizing and particularizing the problem and moving through several interventions and evaluations. Definition and Purpose of Action Research Design

14. What do these studies tell you? This is a collaborative and adaptive research design that lends itself to use in work or community situations. Design focuses on pragmatic and solution-driven research outcomes rather than testing theories. When practitioners use action research, it has the potential to increase the amount they learn consciously from their experience; the action research cycle can be regarded as a learning cycle. Action research studies often have direct and obvious relevance to improving practice and advocating for change. There are no hidden controls or preemption of direction by the researcher. Continue….

15. What these studies don't tell you? It is harder to do than conducting conventional research because the researcher takes on responsibilities of advocating for change as well as for researching the topic. Action research is much harder to write up because it is less likely that you can use a standard format to report your findings effectively [i.e., data is often in the form of stories or observation]. Personal over-involvement of the researcher may bias research results. The cyclic nature of action research to achieve its twin outcomes of action [e.g. change] and research [e.g. understanding] is time-consuming and complex to conduct. Advocating for change usually requires buy-in from study participants. Continue….

16. Case Study Definition A case study is an in-depth study of a particular research problem rather than a sweeping statistical survey or comprehensive comparative inquiry. It is often used to narrow down a very broad field of research into one or a few easily researchable examples. The case study research design is also useful for testing whether a specific theory and model actually applies to phenomena in the real world. It is a useful design when not much is known about an issue or phenomenon.

17. Approach excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue through detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. A researcher using a case study design can apply a variety of methodologies and rely on a variety of sources to investigate a research problem. Design can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Social scientists, in particular, make wide use of this research design to examine contemporary real-life situations and provide the basis for the application of concepts and theories and the extension of methodologies. The design can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases. What do these studies tell you?

18. A single or small number of cases offers little basis for establishing reliability or to generalize the findings to a wider population of people, places, or things. Intense exposure to the study of a case may bias a researcher's interpretation of the findings. Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect relationships. Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret. The case may not be representative or typical of the larger problem being investigated. If the criteria for selecting a case is because it represents a very unusual or unique phenomenon or problem for study, then your intepretation of the findings can only apply to that particular case. What do these studies don’t tell you?

19. Secondary sources  were created by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you're researching. For a historical research project,  secondary sources  are generally scholarly books and articles. A  secondary source  interprets and analyzes primary  sources . Examples of Secondary Resources Bibliographies. Biographical works. Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases. Articles from magazines, journals, and newspapers after the event. Literature reviews and review articles (e.g., movie reviews, book reviews) Diaries, journals, and letters. Newspaper and magazine articles (factual accounts) Government records (census, marriage, military) Photographs, maps, postcards, posters. Recorded or transcribed speeches. Interviews with participants or witnesses (e.g., The Civil Right Movement) Secondary Resources Analysis

20. Read the title. Define every word in the title; look up any unknown words. ... Look at the table of contents. This is your "menu" for the book. ... Read the book from the outside in. Read the foreword and introduction (if an article, read the first paragraph or two). ... Read chapters from the outside in. How to Read a Secondary Resource

21. ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS Value Value is how valuable this source is. Basically it's linked to the amount of bias in the source:  the more bias = the less valuable (usually). Primary sources are obviously more valuable than secondary/tertiary ones. What value does this source have that might not be available elsewhere? What can one tell about the author/time period because of this source? What was going on in history when this source was created? What new information does this piece bring to the understanding of the topic?

22. ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS Limitations Limitations is also linked to bias, each source will be at least a little biased and thus they are limited by that. Do not state bias alone as a limitation. All sources have bias. Has the source has been translated from the original? (i.e., Hitler's diary entry was  translated into English by a historian and you're using the historian's book as a source)  If so, then the language difference will be another source of inaccuracy and a limitation. What information was not available to the author when the source was created? Did the author get the information from a reliable source? Does the author have reason to emphasize certain facts over other facts?  How might the source be different if it were presented to another audience? What specific information might the author has chosen to leave out? Does the author concede that a certain point as is inconvenient for the author to admit? How might the historical context in which the document was created influence the interpretation of the document?

23. ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS Origin Origin is where the source comes from. Who is the author/artist? What date it was written/finished? In which country the author/artist was born? Where was the source was produced? In, which format (newspaper, book, letter, etc.), was the source first presented? Is the source a primary or secondary source? What was the historic context in which the source was created? Is there anything known about the author that is pertinent to the evaluation? Purpose Purpose is where you have to put yourself in the author/artist's shoes. The purpose should relate to the origin of the source. What do you think the author was trying to communicate to readers? What ideas/feelings was the author trying to express/evoke? What was the intent of the author? Why did the author create this document?  Why does it exist? Who is the intended audience of this source? The purpose is especially important when it comes to pieces of propaganda as sources.

24. Survey of Expert’s Opinions Definition:  In  Survey of Expert’s Opinions,  the specialized group of people in the concerned fields, from both inside and outside the organization, are approached and asked to give their opinions on sales trend. The Survey of Expert’s Opinions is the most common method of sales forecasting, employed by the organizations. This method is also based on the judgment of experienced people but is different from the jury method. In the case of a jury method, the group of executives  within the organization  are gathered to forecast the sales, whereas, in the case of the Survey of Expert’s Opinions, the  experts from both inside and outside the organization  are approached to give their estimates on sales. This is a comprehensive sale forecasting method that helps in developing the  overall industry sales forecast , while the jury method is restricted to the company sales forecast.

25. Continue…….. The expert’s opinions method is used when the organization wants the forecast to be more accurate and which holds true for the entire industry. This is only possible through the group of experts who have the complete information on the overall economic environment and the conditions prevailing in the industry. Hence, people from outside the organization, who are very close to the market are approached and are required to sit with the company’s executives and reach to the final forecast. The Survey of Expert’s Opinions gives due weights to the experience and expertise of people who know the market and the firm. This method, when employed successfully can give accurate forecasts.

26. But however, this also suffers from the demerits.  Firstly,  the experts from outside may be reluctant to give the complete information about the conditions prevailing in the industry.  Secondly,  the discussions could be biased that may result in false predictions.  Thirdly,  the responsibility to take decisions is distributed on all and hence no single person could be held responsible in case the forecast proves to be wrong.  Finally,  a general forecast is made and could not be readily broken down into the product-wise, month-wise and department-wise forecasts. Related Terms: Jury Method Sales Force Composite Method Market Survey End Use Method Sales Forecasting

27. Types of errors affecting Research Design Information gained from research projects should be as accurate as possible. Any research project is subject to errors, so a research designer must do everything he/she can to minimize them. Two general errors have important implications in research designs: errors related to improper selection of respondents errors related to accuracy of responses Respondent selection errors population specification error sampling errors selection errors frame errors survey non-response errors

28. Accuracy of Response E rrors non-response errors surrogate information errors measurement errors from interviewers measurement errors from questions measurement errors from respondents Understanding the possible errors that can taint the accuracy of information in your study is key to avoiding and correcting sampling errors

29. Respondent selection errors Population specification error This type of error occurs when the researcher selects an inappropriate population or universe from which to obtain data . Eg . Packaged goods manufacturers, for example, frequently survey housewives because they are an easy contact. It is assumed housewives decide what is to be purchased and do the actual purchasing for a household. however , in this situation, there often is population specification error . I n- creasingly , husbands may purchase a significant share of the packaged goods and have significant influence over what is bought.

30. Sampling error Sampling error occurs when a sample does not accurately represent the population. Eg . : S uppose that we used tweets (twitter) to recruit a random sample of 500 people from the general adult population. after an analysis, though, we find our study was composed only of people aged 18 to 35 . Since the sampling pool shares so many age group specific traits, the data isn’t accurate in representing the general population. More homogeneous the population (meaning people who are similar), the smaller the sampling error; and as sample size increases, sampling error decreases. if a census were conducted (i.e., all elements of the population were included) there would be no sampling error.

31. S election E rror Selection error is the sampling error that occurs when a sample is selected by a nonprobability method . Eg . : Interviewers conducting a mall intercept study have a natural tendency to select those respondents who are the most accessible and agreeable. Such samples often comprise friends and associates who are rarely representative of the desired population . Selection error often reflects people who are easily reached, are better dressed, have better kept homes, or are more pleasant. These types of samples rarely represent the desired population. having clear, written procedures that specify how to select respondents can help to reduce selection error.

32. F rame error A sampling frame supposedly represents all the members of the population. it is usually a listing of the respondents you want to sample . Eg .: The sample frame for a study at a shopping mall includes all shoppers in the mall during the time of data collection . In years past, a commonly used frame for consumer research was the telephone directory. over time, this frame has increasingly introduced error because many elements of the population (households, singles, students) are no longer included in the directory. there are also unlisted phone numbers, move-ins, and cell phones to consider. some elements are listed more than once, and non-population elements are also included . a perfect frame identifies each member of the targeted population once, but only once, and does not include members outside of that specific population.

33. S urvey non-response Error N on-response error occurs when respondents and non-respondents are too different. Respondents should accurately represent the  population you want to sample. if non-respondents are not equally distributed across the population, you will not have an accurate sample. there are two ways in which survey non-response can occur : (a ) non-contact (the inability to contact all members of the sample frame); (b) refusal (non-response to some or all items on the measurement instrument). Responders often represent passionately positive or negative views about the survey topic and may not be representative of the targeted population as a whole. virtually every survey contains some degree of error from the inability to reach a representative spectrum of respondents. example : in telephone surveys, non-respondents are not available because they are not at home for the initial call or call-backs, they have moved, or they are away from home during the period of the survey.

34. S urvey non-response Error Responders often represent passionately positive or negative views about the survey topic and may not be representative of the targeted population as a whole. Virtually every survey contains some degree of error from the inability to reach a representative spectrum of respondents . Eg . In telephonic surveys, non-respondents are not available because they are not at home for the initial call or call-backs, they have moved, or they are away from home during the period of the survey.

35. S urrogate I nformation E rror Some research situations , the needed information cannot be obtained. instead , you may accept substitute data that will act as a surrogate for the required information. the need for substitute information arises from either the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide the information requested. for example, decision-oriented behavioral research is always concerned with the prediction of behavior. this limits most marketing research projects since one cannot observe future behavior. typically, researchers obtain one or more kinds of surrogate information useful in predicting behavior.

36. S urrogate I nformation E rror Eg . Y ou might obtain information on past behavior if you believe it is indicative of future behavior. Eg . I f you wanted to market home computers in developing countries, you would investigate, among other factors, education levels, income, and electricity in the home. these variables affect home computer sales in developing countries errors related to accuracy of responses

37. measurement error measurement error is the difference between the measurements you obtain and the truth. this error comes up at many points throughout the research process, from the development of your survey to analyzing your findings. measurement error can be introduced by the interviewer, the questionnaire, or the respondent. examples of measurement error from the interviewer and questionnaire might include: faulty wording of questions; bias in representative graphics materials; unintentional interviewer modification of the question’s wording; interviewer misinterpretation or misrecording of the response. on the respondent side, measurement error includes the way a respondent interprets the question, and the respondent giving incorrect information.

38. Question non-response Error Some potential respondents refuse to answer the entire survey. perhaps it pertains to a sensitive topic. some may choose not to answer specific questions. most often, respondents refuse to provide personal information that may place them at risk, including information about banking and finances, private personal behaviors, and information capable of identifying them.