Driver Training

Training material on Defensive Driving & Road Safety

1. REMEMBER YOUR FAMILY
IS WAITING FOR
YOUR SAFE RETURN

2. BODY’S
ORIGINAL
SPARE
PARTS

NOT
AVAILABLE
SAFETY
CAN

SAVE
YOU

3. SAFETY
SAFETY IS THE ART OF TAKING
PRECAUTION AGAINST ANY POSSIBLE
DANGER FROM EXTERNAL SOURCE
DANGER MAY BE TO
•SELF
•OTHERS
•MACHINES
•MATERIALS
•STRUCTURES

4. ACCIDENT
ACCIDENT IS AN UNFORESEEN, UNPLANNED
AND UNCONTROLLED, EVENT WHICH MAY
OR MAY NOT CAUSE INJURIES.
ACCEDENT ALWAYS BRINGS MISERY
ACCIDENTS DO NOT HAPPEN THEY ARE
CAUSED
ALWAYS THERE WILL BE ONE OR MORE
CAUSES
FOR ANY ACCIDNET
ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED
BY
ELIMINATING THE CAUSES

6. CONSEQUENCES OF AN ACCIDENT ON
ACCIDENT
PERSONAL
FACTOR
IMPERSONAL
FACTOR
UNSAFE
ACTION /
CONDITION
CASUAL
PROXIMATE
FACTOR
1. PERSON 2. FAMILY
3. ORGANISATION
4. SOCIETY
5. NATION

7. 5 ENEMIES OF A DRIVER
•
OVERSPEEDING
•
OVERLOADING
•
OVERTAKING
•
OVERCONFIDENCE
•
ALCOHOLICDRINK

8. 9 FRIENDS OF A DRIVER
•SHARP EYES
•SENSITIVE EARS
•RESPONSIVE SKIN
•CATCHY NOSE
•ANALYTICAL TONGUE
•ROAD SENSE
•TRAFFIC SENSE
•COMMON SENSE
•CAPACITY TO UNDERSTAND
OTHER’S NONSENSE

9. FACTORS DECIDING SPEED
LIMITS
•ROAD CONDITION / TYPE
•VEHICLE CONDITION
•TRAFFIC CONDITION
•WEATHER CONDITION
•DRIVERS SKILL
•REGULATORY
RESTRICTIONS

10. KEEP SAFE FOLLOWING
DISTANCE
30
45
75
60
90
Stay approximately one car length behind for every 15
kmph, speed. Double or triple that distance at night or when
driving on wet and slippery roads.
K.M.P.H. (Speed)

Following Gap
15

11. 1. Over Speeding
CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS
To avoid accidents,
you must maintain the
speed of the vehicle,
keeping in view,
several factors such as
road surface, intensity
of light, weather
conditions, type of
vehicles etc.

12. 2. Tail gating
CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS
Means following too
closely the vehicle ahead
of you, causing accident,
as tailgating leaves no
space to stop safely. The
higher the speed, the
longer is the stopping
distance required.

13. 3. Dangerous overtaking
CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS
Wrong overtaking
without safe clearance
or on hills, turns and
bends, often leads to a
major disaster which
may involve several
vehicles and
pedestrians

14. 4. Wrong lane cutting
CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS
While driving, you must
use your lane only and
changing lanes suddenly
and moving between
vehicles in different lanes is
dangerous and may cause
accidents.

15. 5. Not maintaining . proper
lane
CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS
Driving outside your
designated area is dangerous,
specially when approaching
or crossing oncoming traffic.
The other drivers may lose
control and become nervous
seeing your unexpected
behaviour

16. 6. Ignoring signs and lights
CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS
Ignoring traffic signals
and signs and over
speeding, specially on
intersections, are
common factors of
accidents.

17. 7. Pedestrian intrusion
CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS
Due to sudden
appearance of
pedestrians, especially
small children, cattle etc.
on the high ways, where
vehicles move faster,
drivers may lose control
leading to accidents.

18. 8. Inattentiveness
CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS
While driving, one must
concentrate on the same.
Failure to keep one’s
attention on the road and
the traffic, may lead to
accidents.

19. Safety and Accidents
REASON % OF ACCIDENTS
HUMAN CAUSES 88%
MECHANICAL FAILURE 10%
Acts of God 2%
1 - MAJOR INJURY
29 - MINOR INJURY
300 - NO INJURY
OUT OF 330 ACCIDETNS

20. ALCOHOL AND DRIVING
The alcohol goes directly from the
stomach into the blood stream. As the
level of alcohol in the blood increases, the
brain is affected. The part of the brain
affected is that which controls judgement
and self control. Of course, good
judgement and self control are absolutely
necessary for safe driving

21. •Driving in the wrong lane.
•Driving too fast or too slow.
•Running over the curb.
•Weaving.
•Driving between lanes.
•Quick, Jerky starts.
•Not signaling, failure to use lights.
•Ignoring stop lights and red lights.
. Improper passing.
Alcohol causes serious
driving errors, such as

22. The Truth about Alcohol
•Alcohol is a drug that will make you less
alert and reduce your ability to drive
safely.
•Everyone who drinks it affected by
alcohol
•Food will slow down the effects of
alcohol but will not prevent them.
•Only time will help a drinker sober up.
Other methods just don’t work.
•A few beers are the same as a few pegs
of whisky or a few glasses of wine

23. BEWARE
Be aware that the chances of crash
are much greater for drivers who are
habitual drunkards than for drivers
who are not.
So for your own safety as well as
other’s safety
DON’T MIX DRINKING WITH
DRIVING

24. JUDGE DIFFERENT FACES OF A
PEDESTRIAN
You have seen him often.
But just barely. In rush
hour traffic, he’ll sprint
across the road expecting
you to slow down. Watch
out for him.
The Sprinter

25. He thinks he can get
out of any knotty
problem. You’ll find
him in the middle of
the traffic, squeezing
himself between cars
to escape to the other
side.
DIFFERENT FACES OF A PEDESTRIAN
Houdini

26. He carries his
conversation onto the
road even while
crossing. His is a one
track mind and it is
not on the traffic. Use
your horn and give
him plenty of room.
DIFFERENT FACES OF A PEDESTRIAN
Talking Machine

27. He makes his rounds at
night and he’s just
beyond your headlights.
If you want to have
ghost of a chance with
him you should be able
to stop
DIFFERENT FACES OF A PEDESTRIAN
The Spook

28. Pass a stationary or a slow
moving vehicle and he will
spring out at you before either
of you can see each other.
Sometimes he is a small boy in
a hurry to get across. Sometime
he is an office worker stepping
out from behind a bus. Slow
down when passing stationary
or slow-moving vehicles.
DIFFERENT FACES OF A PEDESTRIAN
The Genie

29. The biggest problem on the
road can be ‘little ones’
romping on the road, chasing
a kite or running on the road
to retrieve a ball with total
unconcern for you or your
vehicle. Slow down, when
ever you see them, and give
them room.
DIFFERENT FACES OF A PEDESTRIAN
The Band of Merry

30. THE DEFENSIVE DRIVING
CODE
•Care, courtesy and consideration for
other road users.
•Knowledge of traffic rules and
regulations.
•Alertness for the illegal acts and driving
errors of other drivers.
•Concern for accident prevention
regardless of who is in the right.
CAREFUL DRIVING COSTS NOTHING
PREVENT ACCIDETNS, REACH HOME SAFELY

31. BEWARE AND AWARE OF THE
FOLLOWING
The Motor Vehicles Act.1988, Central
Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 and State
Motor Vehicles Rules are the legal
instruments for the conduct of Road
Traffic in India. They also prescribe
penalties for offences. Some of the common
offences which are punishable under the
Act are listed below:

32. OFFENCES
RELATED TO DOCUMENTS
•Not carrying valid licence while driving
•Driving without valid licence
•Allowing the vehicle to be driven by a
. person who does not possess a valid licence
•Not carrying documents as required
•Driving without valid insurance
•Driving without valid permit
•Driving without valid fitness certificate

33. OFFENCES RELATED TO DRIVING
•Over speeding
•Dangerous/Reckless driving
•Driving under alcohol/drugs
•Dangerous lane cutting
•Moving against one way
•Overtaking dangerously
•Jumping signal
•Driving on foot path
•Stopping at pedestrian
crossing stop line
•Parking violations
•Horn offences
•Number plate offences
•Using private vehicle for
commercial purpose
•Refusal to ply for hire,
charging excess fare,
misbehavior with passenger
•Overloading a vehicle
•Breach of permit conditions
•Using vehicle in unsafe
condition
•Breach of rules regarding
carriage of hazardous goods.
FOLLOW TRAFFIC RULES
BE SAFE AND LET OTHERS BE SAVE

34. HOW TO DRIVE IN
ROUND ABOUTS
GIVE
WAY

35. HOW TO DRIVE IN
ROUND ABOUTS
LEFT
TURN

36. HOW TO DRIVE IN
ROUND ABOUTS
RIGHT
TURN

37. NEGOTIATING TURNS
LEFT
TURN

38. NEGOTIATING TURNS
RIGHT
TURN

39. NEGOTIATING TURNS
U
TURN

40. NEVER PARK YOUR VEHICLE
AT FOLLOWING PLACES
•In front of an entrance to a street or a highway.
•On a side walk, zebra crossing, bridge or inside a
tunnel.
•In front of entrance to a hotel, theatre, auditorium,
office, hospital.
•Within 10 metres of a non-signalised intersection or
corner of a street.
•Within 50 metres of a signalized junction.
•Within 15 metres of a bus stop or taxi stand.
•Nevel leave your vehicle with your engine running.
•Always leave parking lights on at night if vehicle is
parked on the main road.
•Before leaving your vehicle, always put the parking
brakes on and the gear in low, reverse, or park
position.

41. TRAFFIC SIGNS ENUMERATED IN THE
SCHEDULE OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACT - 1998
M - MANDATORY SIGNS
STOP
GIVE WAY
STRAIGHT
PROHIBITED OR NO
ENTRY
M-3
M-2
M - 1
M-7
M-6
M-8
ONE WAY SIGNS VEHICLES PROHIBITED IN
BOTH DIRECTIONS

42. All motor vehicles
prohibited
Tongas
Prohibited
Bullock Carts
Prohibited
Hand Carts
Prohibited
Trucks Prohibited Bullock carts and
hand carts
prohibited
M-6
M-11
M-8
M-9M-10
M-7

43. U turn prohibited
Right Turn
prohibited
Cycles Prohibited Pedestrians
Prohibited
Left turn prohibited Overtaking
prohibited
M-15
M-14
M-13
M-17M-16
M-12

44. No stopping or
Standing
M-21
width limit
M-20
No Parking
M-19
Sound Horn
Prohibited
M-23
Speed Limit
M-18
Height limit
M-22

45. M-24
Length Limit
M-27
Restriction Ends
Sign
M-28
Compulsory Turn
Left
M-25
Axle Load Limit
M-29
Compulsory Ahead
Only
M-26
Load Limit
10m

46. M-32
Compulsory ahead
or Turn Right
M-31
M-36
Compulsory Bus
Stop
M-34
Compulsory
Sound Horn
M-35
Compulsory Cycle
track
M-33
Compulsory Keep
left
Compulsory ahead
or Turn left

47. Right Hand Curve
C-2
Left Reverse Bend
C-6
Right Reverse
Bend
C-5
Left Hair Pin Bend
C-7
Left Hand Curve
C-3
Right Hair Pin
Bend
C-4
C- CAUTIONARY SIGNS

48. C-9
Narrow Bridge
C-8
Road Widens
Ahead
C-5
Steep Descent
C-11
Steep Ascent
C-10
Narrow Road
Ahead
C-12 C-13
Slippery Road

49. C-14
Cycle Crossing
C-17
Loose Gravel
C-15
School Ahead
C-18
Men at Work
C-16
Cattle
C-19
Pedestrian
crossing

50. C-20
Falling Rocks
C-22
Cross Road
C-21
Ferry
C-24
Side Road Left
C-23
Side Road Right
C-5
Gap in Median
C-25

51. C-27
Staggered
intersection
C-26-C
Major Road Ahead
C-26-A
T Intersection
C-26-B
Y Intersection
C-29-A
Y Intersection
C-28-A
Y intersection

52. C-31
Hump or Rough
Road
C-30
Barrier Ahead
C-33
General Design
C-29B
Round About
C-1
Dangerous Dip
C-32
Major Road Ahead

53. C-34
200 meters
C-35
50-100 meters in Plain &
rolling terrian and 30-60
meter in hilly terrian
UN GUARDED LEVEL CROSSING

54. C-36
200 Meters
GUARDED LEVEL CROSSING
C- 37
50-100 meters in Plain &
rolling terrian and 30-60
meter in hilly terrian

55. E - INFORMATORY SIGNS
BANGALORE
MYSORE
KOLAR
ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGN
E- 1

56. E - INFORMATORY SIGNS
DESTINATION SIGN
E- 2
HUBLI 3
DHARWAD 25
BELGAUM 85

57. TRAFFIC LIGHTS
STOP – Come to a complete stop before
reaching the intersection, stop line or cross
walk and remain stopped as long as the signal
is red.
RIGHT TURN ON RED
You may turn right at a red light after coming
to a complete stop, unless there are signs
posted at the intersection which read “No Turn
on Red”.
STEADY RED LIGHT

58. This means that the light is changing
from green to red. Its purpose is to
provide time for approaching traffic to
safely stop and to clear other vehicles
from the intersection before the light
turns red. If you are too close to stop
safely. Continue through the intersection
with care.
STEADY YELLOW LIGHT

59. Proceed with caution after you have
first checked to see that other vehicles
have cleared the intersection. When it
is safe to proceed, you may enter the
intersection to go straight ahead or turn
unless a sign or additional signals
prohibits the turn. You must yield to
pedestrians and vehicles already in the
intersection. When you turn, you must
be especially careful of pedestrians. ‘
STEADY GREEN LIGHT

60. STEADY GREEN LIGHT
Proceed with caution in the direction the arrow
points. Remember that you must yield to all
pedestrians and vehicles already in the intersection.

61. You must come to a
complete stop, yield
to all other traffic
and to pedestrians.
Proceed to go when
the way is clear.

FLASHING RED LIGHT

62. FLASHING YELLOW LIGHT
You should
slow down
and proceed
with caution

63. Separation of lanes on which travel is
in the same direction with crossing
from one to the other permitted.
Separation of lanes on which travel
is in opposite directions, and where
overtaking with care is permitted.,
SINGLE BROKEN WHITE
SINGLE BROKEN YELLOW

64. Separation of lanes, or of a lane and
shoulder, where lane changing is
discouraged.
Indicates right edge of the travel path
(extreme). This line is found on busy
main roads and traffic intersections.
Here, crossing the lane is prohibited.
SINGLE SOLID WHITE
SINGLE SOLID YELLOW

65. Separation of lanes on which travel is in
opposite directions, where overtaking is
permitted with care for traffic adjacent to
the broken line, but prohibited for traffic
adjacent to solid line.
SOLID PLUS BROKEN YELLOW
DOUBLE SOLID YELLOW
Separation of lanes on which travel is in
opposite directions, where overtaking is
prohibited in both directions. Left turn
manoeuvers across this marking are
permitted. Also used in advance at
obstructions which may be passed only on the
right side.

66. A
B
DEAD GROUND
Anything on the road between A and B is hidden
from the driver of the red car. Avoid overtaking.

67. SAFE DRIVING SUGGESTIONS FOR TWO WHEELERS
WHILE MOVING
•Wear helmet and drive for safety
•Don’t drive zig-zag. Don’t weave between
vehicles.
•Follow lane discipline and keep safe
distance.
•Don’t over speed. Let the limit be 40 kmph
•Don’t over take form left.
•Don’t drive against one way traffic.
•Don’t drink and drive

68. •Don’t carry more than one pillion rider
•Don’t use two wheeler for transporting
goods and animals.
•Don’t use mobile phones while driving.
•Don’t drive without light during night.
•During night dip your light.
•Use indicators before turning

69. AT JUNCTIONS AND SIGNALS
•Obey red light signals. Don’t jump
signals.
•Don’t cross stop line while stopping.
•Don’t block lanes and obstruct other
drivers.
•Don’t try to enter a circle before you
get green signals.
•Don’t use shrilled and musical horns.

70. RESTRICTIONS FOR USE OF VEHICLES
•Check the vehicle thoroughly. Check fuel and
brakes.
•Keep the vehicle always in good condition.
•Don’t allow under aged persons to ride vehicle.
•Don’t allow non-licensees to drive the vehicle.
•Don’t allow disabled and aged persons to ride.
•Use vehicle only when needed
PARKING
•Don’t park at junctions, turnings and prohibited
areas.
•Don’t park haphazardly.

71. DEVELOP SAFE DRIVING HABITS
•Before starting the vehicle check the brakes, lights, signals, wipers
and horn for proper functioning.
•Follow all the traffic rules strictly.
•While driving always wear seat belt.
•Do not drive the vehicle without the valid driving license.
•Do not drive when you have taken alcoholic drink.
•Slow moving vehicle should move in left lane.
•Fast moving vehicle should move in central lane.
•If you want to turn left move in left lane.
•If you want to go straight move in center lane.
•Do not change the lanes abruptly.
•Check the tyre condition and air pressure daily.
•At roundabouts, junctions and circles always give way to your
right side traffic

72. •Always give way to pedestrians for crossing the road safely.
•Do not stop your vehicle on zebra crossing.
•Try to drive the vehicle without using the horns. Use horns only in
grave emergencies.
•Do not use loud, shrill and musical horns.
•Do not use horns in silent zones. If necessary stop the vehicle.
•Never over take from the left.
•Know the principle “Over taker has no right of the way”.
•Do not try to over take when road ahead is not visible.
•Slow down, horn and pass carefully when cross roads are ahead.
•Near signal lights stick to your lane. Keep the free left turn clear.
•Never cross the yellow line.
•While turning, slow down and give signals before 100 feet.
•Don’t overload your vehicle. Carry only prescribed numbers.
•Never talk over mobile/cellular phones while driving.

73. CODE OF ETHICS FOR DRIVERS
•GET THE KNOWLEDGE OF TRAFFIC RULES.
•CHECK VEHICLE REGULARLY. MAINTAIN FIT FOR USE.
•KEEP YOUSELF IN GOOD HEALTH PHYSICALLY AND
MENTALLY.
•SHOW CARE, COURTESYFOR OTHER ROAD USERS.
•WHILE DRIVING USE SEAT BELTS
•BE ALERT ABOUT THE ERRORS OF OTHER DRIVERS.
•NEVER MIX DRINKING AND DRIVING.
•START EARLY, DRIVE SLOWLY, REACH SAFELY.
•DO NOT OVER SPEED OR OVER LOAD YOUR VEHICLE.
•GIVE SIGNAL BEFORE TURNING, BRAKING & STOPPI NG.

74. •SLOW DOWN WHILE NEARISNG TURNINGS, JUNCTIONS AND CROSS
ROADS.
•DO NOT PARK VEHICLE IN PROHIBITED AND NO PARKING AREAS
•DO NOT OVER TAKE DANGEROUSLY.
•AT NIGHT DIP YOUR LIGHTS TO ON COMING, FRINTT GOING
VEHICLE.
•DO NOT HORN UNNECESSARILY. NEVER HORN IN SILENT ZONES.
•KEEP SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE. ‘MORE SPEED MORE GAP’.
•IN ROUND ABOUTS GIVE WAY FOR VEHICLES IN YOUR RIGHT.
•RESPECT SIGNALS. NEVER JUMP TRAFFIC SIGNALS.
•ALWAYS KEEP THE REQUIRED DOCUMENTS WITH YOU.
•GIVE WAY TO AMBULANCE, FIRE ENGINES & VIP CARRIAGES.
•DURING ACCIDENT DO NOT RUN AWAY, INFORM POLICE
•KEEP YOURSELF CALM AND HAPPY WHILE DRIVING