DRONE PRINCIPLES BASIC PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT

DRONE

1. DRONE IMMANUAL R BASIC PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT

2. Positive words… Death and life are in the power of the tongue Proverb : 18:21 2

3. At the end of the session you will Understand the Basic principle of flight Identify the different parts of the Drone @IMMANGWU 3

4. Image Courtesy: Isaac Newton | Biography, Facts, Discoveries, Laws, & Inventions | Britannica Sir Isaac Newton Three Laws Newton’s 1 st Law – Inertia Newton’s 2 nd Law - F = ma Newton’s 3 rd Law - Equal and Opposite 4

5. Newton’s 2 nd Law - F = ma The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object. 5

6. Mass in Kilo grams, kg Force Applied in newton, N Acceleration in metres /second 2 , m/s 2 F m a = . 700 kg 35 N 6

7. Mass in Kilo grams, kg Force Applied in newton, N Acceleration in metres /second 2 , m/s 2 F m a = . 700 kg 35 N 7

8. Mass in Kilo grams, kg Force Applied in newton, N Acceleration in metres /second 2 , m/s 2 a = 700 kg 35 N 8

9. Mass in Kilo grams, kg Force Applied in newton, N Acceleration in metres /second 2 , m/s 2 a = 0.05 m/s 2

10. Weight

11. F orce = mass acceleration due to g ravity . 11

12. F g = m g . = Weight, W 12

13. F g = 0.7 9.81 . = 6.867 N F u = 6.867 N 13

14. F g = 0.7 9.81 . = 6.867 N F u > 6.867 N 14

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16. Weight/Gravity Plane Crash without Fuel …… How???? 16

17. Lift 17 Illustration

18. Lift 18

19. Lift 19 Blade Speed Lift Force

20. Drag & Thrust 20 Illustration

21. Flight Maneuvers: Aircraft Movement with Stick Mapping 21

22. Throttle 22 Throttle value Motors will spin Throttle must generate enough lift to counter the Effects of Weight Hover

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24. 24 If all motors rotate in same direction Drone will rotate opposite to the Rotor direction why???

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26. Yaw/Rudder 26 yaw clockwise increasing the speed of the two clockwise propellers & decreasing the speed of the two counterclockwise props. X Z Y

27. Pitch 27 Pitch tilts the nose of the aircraft up or down. X Z Y

28. Roll/aileron 28 Roll tilts the aircraft to either the left or right in relation to the front of the aircraft.

29. FORWARD AND SIDEWARD 29 Thrust force acting at an Angle Thrust Force Lift Force Vertical Component Weight = Lift Force (Vertical Component) Unbalanced Horizontal force will move the drone in forward and sideward direction Weight

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31. Practice Makes Perfect: Using a Flight Simulator 31

32. U AV IMMANUAL R DRONE ANATOMY AND STRUCTURE

33. U AV IMMANUAL R DRONE ANATOMY AND STRUCTURE

34. U AV IMMANUAL R DRONE ANATOMY AND STRUCTURE

35. U AV IMMANUAL R DRONE ANATOMY AND STRUCTURE

36. U AV IMMANUAL R DRONE ANATOMY AND STRUCTURE

37. Frame https://oscarliang.com/fpv-drone-frames/ 37 structural backbone of a drone. It is the skeleton on which all other components are mounted , and provides protection to all the electronics inside the drone.

38. Anything that isn’t specifically designed for racing is often considered a freestyle frame 38 F reestyle frame This is a race frame.

39. A drone frame has two main parts: the body and the arms. The body houses and protects your electronic components including flight controller, 4in1 ESC, FPV camera, VTX etc. Typically it consists of a bottom plate, top plate and some standoffs in between to hold them together. The arms are for installing the motors on. 39 Construction

40. Frame Size Quadcopter frame  size  (a.k.a.  wheelbase)  is the diagonal motor to motor distance measured in millimetres. when people say “a five-inch frame,” it means the frame is sized for 5″ props. 40

41. Hint U se the biggest propellers a frame can support to maximize its performance. If you run 4-inch props on a 5″ frame, it would not perform as well as on a 4″ frame. 41

42. Make Your Own (Materials)

43. BLDC – Brushless DC Motor 43

44. High efficiency, Small Volume. Stator inside, Rotor outside. Rotors have permanent magnets made from iron and cobalt. Stators are electromagnets. A motor of rating of 1000 KV runs at 12000 rpm , producing a thrust of 500g . 44

45. A B C 45

46. A B C 46

47. A B C

48. A B C 48

49. A B C 49

50. A B C

51. ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER 51

52. ESC To Power Signal Command To BLDC Motor 52

53. ESC To Power Signal Command To BLDC Motor ESC helps to, Brake the motor Soft start the motor Control the speed of the motor 1000 KV motor draws a current of 20A , ESC used must be 20% more amp rating , hence ESC of 30A should be used. 53

54. Flight Controller https://dojofordrones.com/drone-flight-controller/ https://oscarliang.com/flight-controller-explained/ 54

55. A flight controller is a brain of the aircraft. It is basically a circuit board with sensors that detects orientation changes of drone. It also receives commands and controls the motor in order to keep the quad copter in the air. The most used flight controller for quadcopter is KK2.1.5 which has, IC Atmega 644PA, GYRO/Acc 6050 MPU Invensense , Input voltage of 4.8-6.0V, Standard 6 pin. 55

56. RADIO FREQUENCY – T X ,R X

57. A radio control system is made up of two elements, Transmitter – Handheld device Receiver - placed on drone. The most commonly used drones are 4-channel and 6- channel. The flysky FS-i6 is mostly available in the market. It has a frequency of 2.4GHz with 2 km distance. 57

58. BATTERY (Li Polymer) 58

59. BATTERY Types 59 Batteries are of different types, made with different variety of materials. Non rechargeable, such as alkaline batteries Rechargeable such as Li-ion, Ni-Cd, LiPo, Ni-MH, lead acid. Wet cell batteries: A wet cell battery generates power from an electrode and a liquid electrolyte solution. Eg. Lead Acid batteries, Ni-Cd batteries, etc. Dry cell batteries: A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to allow current to flow. Eg. AA, AAA, Li-ion, LiPo, etc.

60. A LIPO battery is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. Less weight rechargeable battery which can store more energy and the discharge rate is high. As per the requirement 2200mah or 3300mah can be used. 60

61. High Energy Density LiPo batteries have a very high energy density. They can carry the maximum amount of energy per unit of weight of the battery. This keeps the battery light and with sufficient energy to power an entire drone + its own weight. 61

62. C-Rating C-Rating of a battery refers to the maximum safe discharge current that a battery can provide (without exploding). C-Rating is calculated as: ( Max safe current in mA ) / ( mAh capacity of the battery ). Drone motors, especially multi-rotors, generally require a very high current to lift it up. Many drones use C-Rating between 15C to 25C. 62

63. Propellers https://www.droneblog.com/drone-propellers/ 63 A propeller can have a 5×4.8×2. The first number , 5, relates to the size , mostly in inches. 4.8, the second number , indicates pitch and is also in inches. Lastly , 2 is the number of blades , which shows a 2-bladed propeller. So, it’s Size x Pitch x Number of Blades. As simple as that!

64. Diameter https://www.droneblog.com/drone-propellers/ 64 A propeller with a larger diameter enables more contact with the air. As a result, it causes more stability when the drone is hovering . a smaller diameter takes more effort when maneuvering smoothly in the air. Still, they speed up or slow down easily hence being more responsive than their larger counterparts.

65. Pitch 65 Pitch is the traveling distance of the propeller per each revolution. low pitch generates less turbulence and more force in the air . This makes the motors work effortlessly in carrying heavy payloads. Also, it results in increased flight time since the motors use less current from the battery. high pitch produces less force and more turbulence in the air .

66. Are 3 blade props better than 2 for drones? In terms of speed and efficiency , 2-blade props are better , especially in lightweight drones using less powerful motors. But, 3-blade props are a suitable choice when prioritizing stability and extra thrust . 66

67. 2-Blade Propellers 3-Blade Propellers More efficient Powerful with better thrust Higher speed Highly stable Light and portable Less noisy More durable Heavy hence not affected by wind Affected by wind since it’s lightweight Not fast Noisy More vulnerable to damage Reduced stability Not portable 67 Thank You….