drug monitoring.pptx he antioxidant prortry

About 8 tocopherols have been identified
Alpha- tocopherol is most active
The tocopherols are derivatives of 6-hydroxy chromane (tocol) ring with isoprenoid side chain
The antioxidant property is due to the chromane ring
There are four main forms of tocopherols
They are

1. Monitoring of ILLICIT DRUGS

2. What are illicit drugs? An illicit drug is defined as any drug which is illegal to possess or use or any legal drug used in an illegal manner or miss-used According to national data in 2017 More than 30 million Americans used illicit drugs.

3. Drug Categories Drugs can be separated into four main categories: Narcotics Hallucinogens Depressants Stimulants

4. Narcotics Narcotic is derived from the Greek word narkotikos which means numbness or deadening. Narcotics bring relief from pain and induce sleep.

5. Narcotic Drugs they relieve pain by a depressing action on the central nervous system - analgesics effects blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate. regular use leads to physical dependence. most common source is opium , extracted from poppies

6. Narcotics Opiates These drugs are produced from opium, which is a gummy, milky juice exuded through a cut made in the unripe pod of the poppy plant.

7. Narcotic Opiates The most commonly used narcotic is heroin. Heroin is water soluble and easily street prepared. Today, street heroin is approximately 35% pure. Heroin is injected under the skin. The heroin “high” is accompanied by drowsiness and a feeling of well-being. This lasts for 3-4 hours. Regular use leads to physical dependence.

8. Narcotics Morphine - made directly from opium Heroin - ( diacetyl morphine) comes directly from morphine Codeine - present in opium but is usually prepared synthetically from morphine and used as a cough suppressant.

9. Synthetic Opiates OxyContin (active ingredient oxycodone) not derived from opium or morphine some of same physiological effects as opium narcotics. prescribed to a million patients for treatment of chronic pain. Methadone another well-known synthetic opiate. pharmacologically related to heroin appears to eliminate the addict’s desire for heroin while producing minimal side effects.

10. Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers Analgesics are pain relievers. Examples of over the counter analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen and ibuprofen. These are non-narcotic pain relievers.

11. Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are drugs that cause marked alternation in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods. The most commonly used hallucinogens are: LSD Mescaline PCP Marijuana

12. Hallucinogens Marijuana - this drug is made from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. When the leaves, flower, stem, and seed are crushed, the plant secretes a sticky substance called hashish. This contains the hallucinogenic chemical tetrahydrocannabinol or THC.

13. marijuana is the most well-known and controversial cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods. derived from the plant Cannabis chemical substance responsible for the hallucinogenic properties is known as tetrahydrocannabinol , or THC.

14. Hallucinogens Marijuana is typically smoked, but may be ingested when baked in brownies or cookies. Marijuana is the most widely abused illegal drug in the United States. Currently, medicinal marijuana use is legal in 22 states and Washington D.C. Recreational marijuana is legal in 4 states and Washington D.C. Recent research suggests that marijuana is not physically dependent, but heavy users do form psychological dependence.

15. Marijuana THC content of Cannabis varies in different parts of the plant decreasing in the following sequence: resin, flowers, leaves little THC in the stem, roots or seeds. THC-rich resin is known as hashish - liquid most potent form Psychological dependency possible but not physically addictive

16. Hallucinogens LSD ( lysergic acid diethylamide) Derived from ergot, which is a type of fungus that attacks certain grasses and grains. LSD acts on part of the brain responsible for sensory reception and causes hallucinations. It is usually absorbed onto blotter paper and sold in dosage units.

17. Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD can cause hallucinations that can last for 12 hours users prone to flashbacks and psychotic reactions

18. Other Hallucinogens Phencyclidine, or PCP was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic is often smoked, ingested, sniffed often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine is sold as a powder (“angel dust”), capsule, or tablet. first leads to feelings of strength and invulnerability, which may turn to confusion, agitation, depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide.

19. Depressants substances used to depress or slow the functions of the central nervous system. calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep. include alcohol (ethanol), barbiturates, sedatives tranquilizers, various substances that can be sniffed, such as airplane glue, model cement, or aerosol gas propellants such as Freon.

20. Alcohol Barbiturates ethyl alcohol – product of grain fermentation Most widely used drug in U.S. enters the body’s bloodstream and quickly travels to the brain suppresses the brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordination Inhibits judgment, memory, and concentration “ downers” are normally taken orally create a feeling of well-being, relax the body, and produce sleep Suppress central nervous system 25 used for medical purposes - Phenobarbital one of most common b/c it is slowly absorbed by the body Quaalude, or “ludes” appeared in 70’s

21. Depressants Methaqualone - (Quaaludes) a non-barbiturate depressant, is an extremely powerful sedative and muscle relaxer. Barbiturates are considered safe when taken in prescribed amounts. Physical dependence may develop with prolonged usage.

22. Tranquilizers Sniffing unlike barbiturates produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducing sleep antianxiety drugs such as Valium immediate effects such as exhilaration & euphoria, slurred speech, impaired judgment and double vision may cause liver, heart, and brain damage, or even death

23. Depressants Antipsychotics and Antianxiety - These generally produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking facilities or the inducement of sleep. These drugs can cause psychological and physical dependencies with repeated high levels of usage. Some examples include Miltown, Librium, Xanex and Valium. The use of antianxiety drugs has grown dramatically in the past 35 years.

24. Stimulants Amphetamines sometimes known as “uppers” or “speed,” often injected intravenously cause an initial “rush,” followed by an intense feeling of pleasure. followed by a period of exhaustion and a prolonged period of depression and loss of appetite

25. Ingredients of Methamphetamines

26. Cocaine free-base form is known as crack is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated often smoked in glass pipes, and like cocaine stimulates the brain’s pleasure center. extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylin coca causes increased alertness and vigor, accompanied by the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom

27. Cocaine functions as a stimulant, by blocking the normal recycling process of dopamine. This buildup of dopamine contributes to the pleasurable effects of cocaine.

28. Club Drugs synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night dance parties) Include, but are not limited to, MDMA (Ecstasy), GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate ), Rohypnol (“ Roofies ”), ketamine, and methamphetamine. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine , (MDMA or Ecstasy) is a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects. enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions, seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure often accompany chronic abuse.

29. Club Drugs Ecstasy It drains the brain of serotonin, allowing users at raves to dance until exhaustion. Though ecstasy causes dehydration, drinking too much can cause the brain to swell. Ecstasy causes permanent chemical changes to the brain, and damage to the liver, kidney, vision and heart. It can induce panic attacks, memory loss, mood swings and paranoia.

30. GHB and Rohypnol central nervous system depressants often connected with drug facilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery Ketamine primarily used as a veterinary animal anesthetic in humans causes euphoria and hallucinations. causes impaired motor functions, high blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory depression.

31. Anabolic Steroids synthetic compounds chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone. often abused by individuals who are interested in accelerating muscle growth. Side effects include: unpredictable effects on mood and personality depression diminished sex drive halting bone growth liver cancer.

32. Drug Identification At a crime scene any item suspected to be a drug has to be submitted to the lab for analysis. However, at the scene, the investigator will make a tentative identification and complete a presumptive test. At the lab, the chemist will complete confirmatory tests.

33. 2 Phases of Drug Identification Phase 1 Screening test or Preliminary Analysis nonspecific and preliminary in nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable number series of color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more commonly encountered illicit drugs. Microcrystalline tests can also be used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents.

34. Type of Test Chemicals What the Results Mean Marquis Color Formaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid Heroin, morphine and most opium-based drugs will turn the solution purple. Amphetamines will turn it orange-brown . Cobalt thiocyanate Cobalt thiocyanate, distilled water, glycerin, hydrochloric acid, chloroform Cocaine will turn the liquid blue. Dillie-Koppanyi Cobalt acetate and isopropylamine Barbiturates will turn the solution violet-blue. VanUrk P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, hydrochloric acid, ethyl alcohol LSD will turn the solution blue-purple. Duquenois-Levine Test Vanillin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, chloroform Marijuana will turn the solution purple.

35. A drug test (or a urine drug screen UDS) looks for the presence of one or more illegal or prescription drugs in a biological specimen. There are many types of drug tests including breath test, hair test, saliva/oral fluid-based drug screen, sweat drug screen, blood test, diagnostic/ tox screen and the most commonly used one which is urine drug test or urine drug screen (UDS ). Purposes of drug testing : Job employment Sports organizations Monitoring opioid use For recovering people Identify for signs of addiction

36. Urine drug test ( UDS) Most common testing method: Lots of types of drugs can be detected High conc. detected time-efficient Low-cost Easy to collect Longer detection period The detection period of a drug is the period of time a drug can be detected or found in someone’s biological sample (in our case: urine)

37. The detection period depend upon multiple factors: drug class, amount and frequency of use, metabolic rate, body mass, age, overall health, and urine pH . For ease of use, the detection times of metabolites have been incorporated into each parent drug for ex; heroin and cocaine metabolities . Type of drug Detection time in UDS heroin Up to 3 days marijuana Up to 30 days methadone Up to 4 days ketamine Up t o 11 days PCP Up to 4 weeks psilocybin Up to 24 hours

38. 1) IMMUNOASSAY ( IA) First step of UDS Time-efficient Cost-effective Usually done in test kits ( not in lab.) Inaccurate sometimes Results are + or - Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique ( EMIT)

39. How do immunoassays ( IA) work? Immunoassays rely on the ability of an antibody to recognize and bind a specific macromolecule In some cases, an immunoassay may use an antigen to detect for the presence of antibodies . produce a measurable signal in response to the binding for ex/ either emit radiation, produce a color change in a solution, fluoresce under light, or can be induced to emit light . the test uses a cutoff point, Any result below the cutoff number ( ng /ml) is a negative screen The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has established specific cutoff levels that define a positive result, These values were developed to help eliminate false-positive results ( eg , poppy seeds causing positive opium results). This means that the biggest disadvantage of IA’s is that it can be inaccurate because other substances or drugs can alter the drug test result,

40. 2 Phases of Drug Identification Phase 2 Confirmation test or confirmational determination single test that specifically identifies a substance Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances. Typically infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to specifically identify a drug substance.

41. Chromatography is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixture. Those materials that have a preference for the moving phase will slowly pull ahead and separate from those substances that prefer to remain in the stationary phase.

42. Chromatography The distance a spot travels up a thin-layer plate can be assigned a numerical value known as the R f value.

43. The written record of this separation is called a chromatogram.

44. Spectrophotometry Just as a substance can absorb visible light to produce color, many of the invisible radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum are likewise absorbed. Spectrophotometry, an important analytical tool, measures the quantity of radiation that a particular material absorbs as a function of wavelength and frequency.

45. Mass Spectrometry a beam of high-energy electrons collide with a material, producing positively charged ions. The fragments of these positive ions are separated according to their masses. The unique feature of mass spectrometry is that under carefully controlled conditions, no two substances produce the same fragmentation pattern. (somewhat like a “fingerprint”, of the substance being examined)

46. References ( 10 January 2022). Drug test. Retrieved January 16, 2022 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_test#:~:text=Urine%20drug%20testing%20is%20an,migrates%20upward%20by%20capillary%20action. ( 2021). Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique. Retrieved January 16,2022 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_multiplied_immunoassay_technique Beth Sissons . (2018). what to know about urine drug screening. Retrieved January 16, 2022 from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323378 Debra Stang . (2018). Urine drug test. Retrieved January 16, 2022 from: https://www.healthline.com/health/urine-drug-screen. Georges solutions. (2022). Urine drug test explained. Retrieved January 16, 2022 from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLZDIOoryKM. Hailey Hudson. (2021). How Long Do Drugs Stay In Your System?. Retrieved January 16, 2022 from: https://www.addictioncenter.com/drugs/how-long-do-drugs-stay-in-your-system/. Michael Schatman . (2015). Urine Drug Testing: Immunoassay vs. Laboratory Testing. Retrieved January 16, 2022 from: https://www.hcplive.com/view/urine-drug-testing-immunoassay-vs-laboratory-testing. ( 2021). Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Retrieved January 16, 2022 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry.