Drug of Abuse

Drug of Abuse

1. Drugs of abuse Submitted By :- Nitesh Roll.No :-1323 Class:- M.sc Forensic Science(final year)

2. Content Introduction Effect of drug of abuse Classification Stimulants Depressant Hallucigens Narcotics

3. What is drug of abuse?? When controlled substances are used in a manner or amount inconsistent with the legitimate medical use, it is called drug of abuse. Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain. Causes of drug use Drugs of abuse are usually psychoactive drugs that are used by people for various different reasons which may include: Curiosity and peer pressure, especially among school children and young adults The use of prescription drugs that were originally intended to target pain relief may have turned into recreational use and become addictive Chemicals may be used as part of religious practices or rituals Recreational purposes As a means of obtaining creative inspiration

4. Route of Administration There are several different routes of administration for drugs of abuse including orally in the form of a pill, intravenously in the form of an injection, by inhaling the substance in the from of smoke or via snorting the substance so it is absorbed into the blood vessels of the nose.

5. Effects of drugs A weakened immune system, increasing the risk of illness and infection Heart conditions ranging from abnormal heart rates to heart attacks and collapsed veins and blood vessel infections from injected drugs Nausea and abdominal pain, which can also lead to changes in appetite and weight loss Increased strain on the liver, which puts the person at risk of significant liver damage or liver failure Seizures, stroke, mental confusion and brain damage Lung disease Problems with memory, attention and decision-making, which make daily living more difficult Global effects of drugs on the body, such as breast development in men and increases in body temperature, which can lead to other health problems

6. Dependance In addition to having abuse potential, most controlled substances are capable of producing dependence, either physi-cal or psychological. Physical Dependence Physical dependence refers to the changes that have occurred in the body after repeated use of a drug that necessitates the continued administration of the drug to prevent a withdrawal syndrome. This withdrawal syndrome can range from mildly unpleasant to life-threatening and is dependent on a number of factors, such as: The drug being used The dose and route of administration Concurrent use of other drugs Frequency and duration of drug use The age, sex, health, and genetic makeup of the user

7. Psychological Dependence Psychological dependence refers to the perceived “need” or “craving” for a drug. Individuals who are psychologically dependent on a particular substance often feel that they cannot function without continued use of that substance. ADDICTION Addiction is defined as compulsive drug-seeking behavior where acquiring and using a drug becomes the most important activity in the user’s life.

8. Categories of drugs

9. StimulaNts

10. What are stimulants? Stimulants are a class of drugs that speed up the messages between the brain and the body. They can make a person feel more awake, alert, confident or energetic. How are they used? Illicit stimulants usually are snorted, swallowed, smoked or injected. Prescribed stimulants are usually taken orally, and the duration of effects differs depending on the type. Commonly used stimulants Amphetamines Betel nut Caffeine Cocaine Ice Khat Mephedrone Nicotine Synthetic cathinones

11. Effects There is no safe level of drug use.  Use of any drug always carries some risk. It’s important to be careful when taking any type of drug. Generally speaking, in small to low doses the following effects may be experienced: euphoria heightened feelings of wellbeing increased heart rate and blood pressure increased alertness talkativeness reduced appetite.

12. Caffeine What is caffeine? Caffeine is a stimulant drug, which means it speeds up the messages travelling between the brain and the body. It’s found in the seeds, nuts and leaves of a number of different plants, including: coffea Arabica (used for coffee) thea sinensis (used for tea) cola acuminata (used as a nut, tea or in soft drinks including cola) theobroma cacao (used in cocoa and chocolate) paullinia cupana (used as guarana in snack bars and energy drinks).1 How is caffeine used? Caffeine is used in a number of different products. The amount of caffeine in these products can vary dramatically, so it’s always best to check the label.

13. Effects of caffeine There is no safe level of drug use. Use of any drug always carries some risk. It’s important to be careful when taking any type of drug. Caffeine affects everyone differently, based on: size, weight and health whether the person is used to taking it whether other drugs are taken around the same time the amount taken.

14. Overdose If a large amount of caffeine is consumed it could also cause an overdose. If you experience any of the following effects, call an ambulance straight away by dialling triple zero (000). Betel nut affects everyone differently, based on: tremors nausea and vomiting very fast and irregular heart rate confusion and panic attack seizures

15. Long term effects Regular, heavy use of caffeine (such as more than 4 cups of coffee a day) may eventually cause: nervousness difficulty sleeping restlessness irritability and headaches dizziness and ringing in the ears muscle tremor weakness and fatigue rapid heart rate and quickened breathing rate poor appetite, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea increased thirst, frequent urination or increased urine volume irregular heart rate or rhythm low blood pressure with faintness or falls seizures, confusion or delirium

16. WithdrAwal Giving up caffeine after using it for a long time is challenging because the body has to get used to functioning without it. Withdrawal symptoms usually start within 24 hours after the last dose. The symptoms can last for around 36 hours, or even longer for people who consume a lot. These symptoms can include: • headache • marked fatigue or drowsiness • dysphoric, depressed mood or irritability • difficulty concentrating • flu-like symptoms (nausea, vomiting or muscle pain/stiffness)

17. Nicotine Nicotine is a stimulant drug that speeds up the messages travelling between the brain and body. It is the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco products and so this Drug Facts page will focus on the effects of nicotine when consumed by using tobacco. Tar and carbon monoxide (a toxic gas) are also released when tobacco is burned, such as when it’s . smoked. Products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and wet and dry snuff and the dried leaves from the tobacco plant all contain nicotine. Electronic cigarettes (also known as E cigarettes) do not contain dried tobacco leaves, but they can contain nicotine .

18. Other names for cigarettes Ciggies, darts, durries, rollies, smokes, fags, butts, cancer sticks. How is nicotine used? Tobacco which contains nicotine is usually smoked in cigarettes. It is also smoked in cigars and pipes. There are numerous forms of smokeless tobacco including chewing tobacco, and wet and dry .

19. Effects There is no safe level of drug use. Use of any drug always carries some risk. It’s important to be careful when taking any type of drug. Nicotine affects everyone differently, based on: • size, weight and health • whether the person is used to taking it • whether other drugs are taken around the same time he amount taken the strength of the tobacco and how much is contained in the product

20. Short term effect mild stimulation increase in heart rate increased ability to concentrate relaxation temporary reduction in the urge to smoke1 coughing dizziness, headaches bad breath tingling and numbness in fingers and toes reduced appetite, stomach cramps and vomiting

21. Long term effect stroke • blindness, cataracts (eye diseases) • birth defects if the fetus is exposed to cigarettes • periodontitis (yellowing teeth, gum disease) • overall diminished health (ageing, back pain, slower healing wounds, mood swings) • dependence on smoking • financial, work and social problems• aortic aneurism (enlarging of major blood vessels) • coronary heart diseas e • pneumonia • various respiratory diseases (shortness of breath, asthma, coughing fits) • diabetes • reduced fertility • ectopic pregnancy (in the fallopian tube) • hip fractures • male sexual dysfunction • rheumatoid arthritis • reduced immune function (regular colds and flu) • overall diminished health (ageing, back pain, slower healing wounds, mood swings) • dependence on smoking • financial, work and social problems

22. Amphetamines Amphetamines are stimulant drugs, which means they speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body.1 Some types of amphetamines are legally prescribed by doctors to treat conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (where a person has an uncontrollable urge to sleep). Other types of amphetamines such as speed are produced and sold illegally. The more potent form of the drug is crystal methamphetamine, also known as ‘ice.1 What do they look like? The appearance of amphetamines varies. These drugs may be in the form of a powder, tablets, crystals and capsules. They may be packaged in ‘foils’ (aluminium foil), plastic bags or small balloons when sold illegally.2 Amphetamine powder can range in colour from white through to brown, sometimes it may have traces of grey or pink. It has a strong smell and bitter taste. Amphetamine capsules and tablets vary considerably in size and colour.1

23. Slang names Speed, fast, up, uppers, louee, goey, whiz. How they used? Amphetamines are generally swallowed, injected or smoked. They are also snorted . You might feel the effects of amphetamines immediately (if injected or smoked) or within 30 minutes (if snorted or swallowed). You might experience: • happiness and confidence • talking more and feeling energetic • large pupils and dry mouth • fast heart beat and breathing • teeth grinding • reduced appetite • increased sex drive.1,2,3 Snorting amphetamines can damage the nasal passage and cause nose bleeds.

24. Short term effects In the 2 to 4 days after amphetamine use, you may be experience: restless sleep and exhaustion headaches paranoia, hallucinations and confusion twitching and muscle aches fluctuating temperatures irritability, mood swings and depression. Using a depressant drug such as alcohol, benzodiazepines or cannabis to help with the come down effects may result in a cycle of dependence on both types of drugs.

25. Long term effects Regular use of amphetamines may eventually cause: reduced appetite and extreme weight loss restless sleep dry mouth and dental problems regular colds and flu anxiety and paranoia depression increased risk of stroke needing to use more to get the same effect dependence on amphetamines financial, work and social problems

26. Cocane

27. Cocaine What is cocaine? Cocaine is a stimulant drug, which means that it speeds up the messages travelling between the brain and the rest of the body. Cocaine comes from the leaves of the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca), which is native to South America. The leaf extract is processed to produce 3 different forms of cocaine: Cocaine hydrochloride : a white, crystalline powder with a bitter, numbing taste. Cocaine hydrochloride is often mixed, or ‘cut’, with other substances such as lactose and glucose, to dilute it before being sold. Freebase : a white powder that is more pure with less impurity than cocaine hydrochloride. Crack : crystals ranging in colour from white or cream to transparent with a pink or yellow hue, it may contain impurities.

28. Other names C, coke, nose candy, snow, white lady, toot, Charlie, blow, white dust or stardust. How is it used? Cocaine hydrochloride is most commonly snorted. It can also be injected, rubbed into the gums, added to drinks or food. Freebase and crack cocaine are usually smoked. Indigenous people of South America have traditionally chewed the leaves of the coca bush, or brewed them as a tea, for use as a stimulant or appetite suppressant

29. Short term effects happiness and confidence talking more feeling energetic and alert quiet contemplation and rapture feeling physically strong and mentally sharp reduced appetite dry mouth enlarged (dilated) pupils higher blood pressure and faster heartbeatand breathing (after initial slowing)

30. Long term effects Regular use of cocaine may eventually cause: insomnia and exhaustion depression anxiety, paranoia and psychosis sexual dysfunction hypertension and irregular heartbeat heart disease and death.1,5,6 Snorting cocaine regularly can also cause: runny nose and nose bleeds nose infection a hole in the tissue separating the nostrils long term damage to the nasal cavity ad sinuses.

31. Hallucigens

32. WHAT ARE HALLUCINOGENS? Hallucinogens are found in plants and fungi or are synthetically produced and are among the oldest known group of drugs used for their ability to alter human perception and mood. WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN? Hallucinogens can be synthetically produced in illicit laboratories or are found in plants. What are common street names? Common street names include: • Acid, Blotter, Blotter Acid, Cubes, Doses, Fry, Mind Candy, Mushrooms, Shrooms, Special K, STP, X, and XTC What do they look like? Hallucinogens come in a variety of forms. MDMA or ecstasy tablets are sold in many colors with a variety of logos to attract youth. LSD is sold in the form of impregnated paper (blotter acid), typically imprinted with colorful graphic designs.

33. How are they abused? The most commonly abused hallucinogens among junior and senior high school students are hallucinogenic mushrooms, LSD, and MDMA (ecstasy). Hallucinogens are typically taken orally or can be smoked. What is their effect on the mind? Sensory effects include perceptual distortions that vary with dose, setting, and mood. Psychic effects include distortions of thought associated with time and space. Time may appear to stand still, and forms andcolors seem to change and take on new significance. What is their effect on the body? Physiological effects include elevated heart rate, increased blood pressure, and dilated pupils . What are their overdose effects? Deaths exclusively from acute overdose of LSD, magic mushrooms, and mescaline are extremely rare. Deaths generally occur due to suicide, accidents, and dangerous behavior, or due to the person inadvertently eating poisonous plant material.

34. Lsd

35. Lsd What is LSD? LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is a synthetic chemical, made from a substance found in ergot, which is a fungus that infects rye (grain). LSD belongs to a group of drugs known as psychedelics. When small doses are taken, it can produce mild changes in perception, mood and thought. When larger doses are taken, it may produce visual hallucinations and distortions of space and time. Sometimes, what is sold as LSD can actually be other chemicals such as NBOMe or the 2C family of drugs (part of the new psychoactive substances). These can be quite dangerous, as their quality is inconsistent, plus the potential to take too much of these other substances can be fatal. A number of deaths have been reported due to people taking them

36. What it looks like In its pure state, LSD is a white odourless crystalline substance. However, LSD is so potent that an effective dose of pure drug is so small it is virtually invisible. As a result, it is usually diluted with other materials. The most common form of LSD, is drops of LSD solution dried onto gelatin sheets, pieces of blotting paper or sugar cubes, which release the drug when they are swallowed. LSD is also sometimes sold as a liquid, in a tablet or in capsules. Other names Acid, trips, tabs, microdots, dots, Lucy. How is it used? LSD is usually swallowed or dissolved under the tongue, but it can also be sniffed, injected or smoked

37. Short term effects The effects of LSD usually begin in 30 – 45 minutes and can last for 4 to 12 hours.3 The following may be experienced during this time: • euphoria and wellbeing • dilation of pupils • perceptual changes, such as visual and auditory hallucinations. • confusion and trouble concentrating • headaches • nause a • fast or irregular heart beat • increased body temperature vomiting facial flushes, sweating and chills .

38. Long term effect Some people who regularly use LSD may eventually experience flashbacks. A flashback is when an LSD experience reoccurs, they are usually visual distortions that involve perceptual or emotional changes. Flashbacks can happen weeks, months or even years after the drug was last taken. This can be disturbing, especially if a frightening experience or hallucination is recalled.1,2 Flashbacks can be brought on by using other drugs, stress, tiredness or exercise and usually last for a minute or tw o.

39. Ketamine

40. Ketamine What is ketamine? Ketamine is used by medical practitioners and veterinarians as an anaesthetic. It is sometimes used illegally by people to get high. Ketamine is a dissociative drug, which means it acts on different chemicals in the brain to produce visual and auditory distortion, and a detachment from reality. When it’s sold illegally, ketamine usually comes as a white or off white powder. It can also be made into pills, or dissolved in a liquid. A number of clinical trials and studies are currently being undertaken to assess ketamine as a treatment for depression, early indications are showing good results

41. Other names Special K, K, ket, kitkat, super k or horse trank. How is it used? Ketamine can be swallowed, snorted or injected. It is also sometimes smoked with cannabis or tobacco. The effects of ketamine may be experienced within 1 minute if injected, 5–15 minutes if snorted, and up to 30 minutes if swallowed. The effects of ketamine can last for around an hour, however an individual’s coordination or senses may be affected for up to 24 . hours after initial use .

42. Short term effect feeling happy and relaxed • feeling detached from your body (‘falling intoa k-hole’) • perceptual changes, • confusion and clumsiness • increased heart rate and blood pressure • slurred speech and blurred vision • anxiety, panic and violence • vomiting • lowered sensitivity to pain.

43. Long term effect Regular use of ketamine may eventually cause: • flashbacks • poor sense of smell (from snorting) • mood and personality changes, depression • poor memory, thinking and concentration • abnormal liver or kidney function • ketamine bladder syndrome (see below) • abdominal pain • needing to use more to get the same effect • dependence on ketamine • financial, work and social problems.

44. Cannabis

45. Cannabis What is cannabis? Cannabis is classified as a cannabinoid drug. The exact number of different cannabinoids in the cannabis sativa plant is still being researched, but it primarily contains the psychoactive cannabinoid THC (delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol) and the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD).1 Other names Marijuana, yarndi, pot, weed, hash, dope, gunja, joint, stick, chronic, cone, choof, dabs, dabbing, BHO. How is it used? Cannabis can be smoked, eaten or vaporized and comes in different forms. Users report that the subjective effects of cannabis vary significantly depending on the form consumed.

46. Marijuana − the dried plant that is smoked in a joint or a bong. This is the most common form. • Hashish – the dried plant resin that is usually mixed with tobacco and smoked or added to foods andbaked; such as cookies and brownies. • Hash oil – liquid that is usually added to the tip of a cigarette and smoked.1 • Concentrates – extracts (dabs, wax or shatter) typically using butane hash oil as a solvent, often vaporized in small quantities due to high THC content.

47. Short term effect The effects of cannabis may be felt immediately if smoked, or within an hour or two if eaten and effects may include: • feelings of relaxation and euphoria • spontaneous laughter and excitement • increased sociability • increased appetite • dry mout h

48. Long term effects Long-term effects are dependent on how much also be affected by how the cannabis is consumed (e.g. vaporising a concentrate versus smoking the flower). Heavy, regular use of cannabis may eventually cause: tolerance to the effects of cannabis dependence on cannabis reduced cognitive functioning. Regular, high-dose smoking of cannabis may increase the likelihood of experiencing : sore throat asthma bronchitis and if smoked with tobacco, cancer.

49. Depressants

50. What are depressants? Depressant substances reduce arousal and stimulation. They do not necessarily make a person feel depressed. They affect the central nervous system, slowing down the messages between the brain and the body. They can affect concentration and coordination. They slow down the person’s ability to respond to unexpected situations. In small doses they can cause a person to feel more relaxed and less inhibited. How are they used? How depressants are used depends on the specific type, for example alcohol is drunk and benzodiazepines are usually swallowed but can also be injected. Generally speaking, depressants can be swallowed, drunk as a beverage, injected, snorted or inhaled. Commonly used depressants Alcohol Benzodiazepines GHB Kava

51. Effects of depressants There is no safe level of drug use.  Use of any drug always carries some risk. It’s important to be careful when taking any type of drug. In general, when small to low doses of depressants are taken, the following effects may be experienced: reduced inhibitions enhanced mood reduced anxiety slowed reaction time impaired judgement slowed breathing increased risk of accident or injury

52. BarbiTurates

53. WH AT ARE BARBITURATES? Barbiturates are depressants that produce a wide spec-trum of central nervous system depression from mild sedation to coma. They also have been used as sedatives, hypnotics, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Barbiturates are classified as: • Ultrashort, Short, Intermediate, Long-acting WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN? Barbiturates were first introduced for medical use in the 1900s, and today about 12 substances are in medical use. What are common street names? Common street names include: • Barbs, Block Busters, Christmas Trees, Goof Balls, Pinks, Red Devils, Reds & Blues, and Yellow Jackets

54. What do they look like? Barbiturates come in a variety of multicolored pills and tablets. Users prefer the short-acting and intermediate barbiturates such as Amytal and Seconal. How are they abused? Barbiturates are abused by swallowing a pill or injecting a liquid form. Barbiturates are generally abused to reduce anxiety, decrease inhibitions, and treat unwanted effects of illicit drugs. Barbiturates can be extremely dangerous because overdoses can occur easily and lead to death . What is their effect on the mind? Barbiturates cause: Mild euphoria, lack of inhibition, relief of anxiety, and sleepiness .

55. Higher doses cause: Impairment of memory, judgment, and coordination; irritability; and paranoid and suicidal ideation Tolerance develops quickly and larger doses are then needed to produce the same effect, increasing the danger of an overdose. What is their effect on the body? Barbiturates slow down the central nervous system and cause sleepiness. What are their overdose effects? Effects of overdose include: • Shallow respiration, clammy skin, dilated pupils, weak and rapid pulse, coma, and possible death Which drugs cause similar effects? Drugs with similar effects include: • Alcohol, benzodiazepines like Valium and Xanax, tranquil-izers, sleeping pills, Rohypnol, and GHB

56. Ghb

57. What is that?? GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate) is a depressant, which means it slows down the messages travelling between the brain and the body. GBL (gamma butyrolactone) and 1,4-BD (1,4-butanediol) are chemicals that are closely related to GHB. Once GBL or 1,4-BD enter the body, they convert to GHB almost immediately. GHB usually comes as a colourless, odourless, bitter or salty liquid, which is usually sold in small bottles or vials. It can also come as a bright blue liquid known as ‘blue nitro’, and less commonly as a crystal powder.

58. Other names G, fantasy, grievous bodily harm (GBH), juice, liquid ecstasy, liquid E, liquid X, Georgia Home Boy, soap, scoop, cherry meth, blue nitro, fishies. How is it used? GHB is usually swallowed, but sometimes it’s injected or inserted anally.

59. Effects The following effects may begin within 15 to 20 minutes of taking GHB and may last for around 3 to 4 hours: feelings of euphoria increased sex drive lowered inhibitions drowsiness tremors nausea diarrhoea.

60. Short term effect vomiting irregular or shallow breathing confusion, irritation and agitation hallucinations blackouts and memory loss unconsciousness that can last for 3 to 4 hours death.

61. Long term effects Little is known about the long-term effects of GHB use. However, it is known that regular use can lead to tolerance and dependence, which means larger amounts of GHB are needed to get the same effect. Using GHB with other drugs GHB +   alcohol  or  benzodiazepines : chance of overdose is greatly increased. GHB +   amphetamines  or  ecstasy : enormous strain on the body and risk of seizures.

62. BenzOdiaZePines

63. What are benzodiazepines? Benzodiazepines (pronounced 'ben-zoh-die-AZ-a-peens') are depressant drugs. This means that they slow down the activity of the central nervous system and the messages travelling between the brain and the body. They do not necessarily make a person feel depressed. Other depressants include alcohol, cannabis and heroin. Benzodiazepines, also known as minor tranquillisers, are most commonly prescribed by doctors to relieve stress and anxiety and to help people sleep.  Slang names Benzos, tranx, sleepers, downers, pills, xannies, serras (Serepax®), moggies (Mogadon®), normies (Normison®). Types of benzodiazepines There are three types of benzodiazepines: long, intermediate and short-acting. Short-acting benzodiazepines have stronger withdrawal or ‘come down’ effects and can be more addictive than long-acting ones. How are they used? Benzodiazepines are usually swallowed. Some people also inject them.

64. Short term effects Benzodiazepines affect everyone differently, but the effects may include: depression confusion feelings of isolation or euphoria impaired thinking and memory loss headache drowsiness, sleepiness and fatigue dry mouth slurred speech or stuttering double or blurred vision impaired coordination, dizziness and tremors nausea and loss of appetite diarrhoea or constipation.

65. Long term effect Regular use of benzodiazepines may cause: 3,11 impaired thinking or memory loss anxiety and depression irritability, paranoia and aggression personality change weakness, lethargy and lack of motivation drowsiness, sleepiness and fatigue difficulty sleeping or disturbing dreams headaches nausea

66. Alcohol

67. What is alcohol? Alcohol is a depressant drug, which means it slows down the messages traveling between the brain and the body. 1 Other names Booze, grog, piss, liquor, charge, nip. Effects of alcohol There is no safe level of drug use.  Use of any drug always carries some risk. It’s important to be careful when taking any type of drug. Alcohol affects everyone differently, based on: size, weight and health whether the person is used to taking it whether other drugs are taken around the same time the amount drunk the strength of the drink.

68. If you consume a lot of alcohol, you might experience: confusion blurred vision clumsiness memory loss nausea, vomiting passing out coma death. 1,2 Hangovers The following day, you may have a hangover, which is: headache diarrhoea and nausea tiredness and trembling increased heart rate and blood pressure dry mouth trouble concentrating anxiety poor or decreased sleep.

69. Long term effect Regular use of alcohol may eventually cause: difficulty getting an erection depression poor memory and brain damage difficulty having children, liver disease cancer high blood pressure and heart disease needing to drink more to get the same effect physical dependence on alcohol.

70. Kava

71. What is Kava? Kava is a  depressant  drug, which means it slows down the messages travelling between the brain and the body. Kava is made from the root or stump of the kava ( Piper methysticum ) shrub. 1 Kava comes in different forms including: brownish-coloured drink brown powder capsules extracts drops. 2

72. Other names Kava kava, kawa, waka, lewena, yaqona, grog (Fiji), sakau (Pohnpei), ‘awa (Hawaii), ‘ava (Samoa) and wati (New Guinea). How is it used? Pacific Islands Traditionally, Pacific Islanders crushed, chewed and ground the root and stump of the shrub, then soaked it in cold water to produce a drink for ceremonies and cultural practices. These rituals were said to strengthen ties among groups, reaffirm status and help people communicate with spirits. Many Pacific Islanders who have settled in Australia have continued drinking kava or using kava extracts.

73. Herbal preparations Kava extract is used in some herbal preparations. They are sold as over-the-counter tablets and preparations to be used in the treatment of insomnia, stress and anxiety Effects of kava There is no safe level of drug use.  Use of any drug always carries some risk. Even medications can produce unwanted side effects. It’s important to be careful when taking any type of drug. The following effects may be experienced: feeling happy and relaxed mild sleepiness numb mouth and throat reduced or loss of appetite.

74. Long term effect Regular use of large amounts of kava may eventually cause: mood swings apathy dry, scaly skin malnutrition and severe weight loss getting infections more easily shortness of breath.

75. Narcotics

76. WHAT ARE NARCOTICS? Also known as “opioids,” the term “narcotic” comes from the Greek word for “stupor” and originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. Though some people still refer to all drugs as “narcotics,” today “narcotic” refers to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi-synthetic substitutes. A more current term for these drugs, with less uncertainty regarding its meaning, is “opioid.” Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs like OxyContin, Vicodin, codeine, morphine, methadone, and fentanyl . What do they look like? Narcotics/opioids come in various forms, including: • Tablets, capsules, skin patches, powder, chunks in varying colors (from white to shades of brown and black), liquid form for oral use and injection, syrups, suppositories, and lollipops

77. How are they abused? • Narcotics/opioids can be swallowed, smoked, sniffed, or injected. What is their effect on the mind? Besides their medical use, narcotics/opioids produce a general sense of well-being by reducing tension, anxiety, and aggression. These effects are helpful in a therapeutic setting but contribute to the drugs’ abuse. Narcotic/opioid use comes with a variety of unwanted effects, including drowsiness, inability to concentrate, and apathy.

78. What is heroin? Heroin is part of a group of drugs known as opioids.  Opioids  interact with opioid receptors in the brain and elicit a range of responses within the body; from feelings of pain relief, to relaxation, pleasure and contentment Heroin comes in different forms, including: fine white powder coarse off-white granules tiny pieces of light brown ‘rock’. Other names Smack, gear, hammer, the dragon, H, dope, junk, harry, horse, black tar, white dynamite, homebake, china white, Chinese H, poison, Dr Harry. How is it used? Heroin is usually injected into a vein, but it’s also smoked (‘chasing the dragon’), and added to cigarettes and cannabis. The effects are usually felt straight away. The effects take around 10 to 15 minutes if snorted.

79. Effects You will experience the below effects, which will last for 3 to 5 hours: intense pleasure and pain relief relaxation, drowsiness and clumsiness confusion slurred and slow speech slow breathing and heartbeat dry mouth tiny pupils reduced appetite and vomiting decreased sex drive.

80. Short term effect trouble concentrating falling asleep (‘going on the nod’) wanting to urinate but finding it hard to itchiness irregular heartbeat cold, clammy skin slow breathing, blue lips and fingertips passing out

81. Long term effecf Regular use of heroin may eventually cause: Intense sadness Irregular periods and difficulty having children No sex drive Constipation Damaged heart, lungs, liver and brain Vein damage and skin, heart and lung infections from injecting Needing to use more to get the same effect Dependence on heroin Financial, work or social problems

82. Fentayl

83. What is fentanyl? Fentanyl is part of a group of drugs known as  opioids . Opioids interact with opioid receptors in the brain and elicit a range of responses within the body; from feelings of pain relief, to relaxation, pleasure and contentment. What it looks like Fentanyl is available in many forms. Pharmaceutical fentanyl is used for managing acute or chronic pain. Illicit fentanyl can be manufactured for use in the illegal drug market Medicinal use Medicinal fentanyl comes in a number of different forms and strengths including: transdermal patches (Durogesic® and generic versions) lozenges/lollipops (Actiq®) intravenous injection (Sublimaze®).

84. Effects You may experience: relief from pain nausea, vomiting constipation and/or diarrohea reduced appetite wind, indigestion, cramps drowsiness, confusion weakness or fatigue dizziness euphoria headache incoherent or slurred speech

85. Long term effects Regular use of fentanyl may cause: mood instability reduced libido constipation menstrual problems respiratory impairment. Fentanyl +   alcohol :  adds to adverse effects and may increase the risk of respiratory depression. Fentanyl +   benzodiazepines :  may add to the sedative effects and diminished breathing.

86. Codeine

87. What is codeine? Codeine is part of a group of drugs known as opioids. Opioids interact with opioid receptors in the brain and elicit a range of responses within the body, from feelings of pain relief, to relaxation, pleasure and contentment. 1 Codeine is used to provide relief from a number of conditions, including: mild to moderate pain severe pain (when combined with aspirin or paracetamol) dry irritating cough diarrhoea cold and flu (when combined with antihistamines and decongestants). Codeine is usually swallowed and comes in different forms, i ncluding: tablets capsules suppositories soluble powders and tablets liquids.

88. Other names Codeine may also be known by a brand or trade name. Some common examples are:

89. Effects The most common side effects of codeine are: dizziness tiredness confusion, difficulty concentrating euphoria, restlessness blurred vision dry mouth limbs feeling heavy or muscles feeling stiff sweating mild allergic rash, itching and hives decreased heart rate, palpitations stomach-ache, nausea, vomiting, constipation difficulty urinating

90. Long term effects Regular use of codeine may eventually cause: constipation reduced sex drive irregular periods tension and muscle twitches needing to use more to get the same effect dependence on codeine financial, work and social problems

91. Opium

92. What is opium? which means it slows down the messages traveling between your brain and body. The opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum  L.) from which opium is derived is one of the earliest plants of which there is recorded medicinal use. Opium poppy pods hold a milky substance called latex that contains a number of chemicals, including morphine and  codeine . 1  Latex is extracted from the opium pods and dried to create opium. Typically, it is be further refined by boiling and drying again. What does it look like? Opium is a sticky dark-brown gum with a strong odour. It can also be manufactured into a liquid or powder. 1, 2 Slang names Aunti, Aunti Emma, Big O, O, Black pill, Chandu, Chinese Molasses, Dopium, Dream Gun, Fi-Do-Nie, Gee, Guma, Midnight Oil, Zero. How is opium used? Opium may be smoked, eaten raw or as a pill, or made into a tincture for drinking. 1, 2 Opium can be manufactured into heroin and is a prerequisite for heroin production.

93. Short term effects Short term effects may include: euphoria relaxation analgesia slower, shallower breathing lower heart rate impaired reflexes temporary constipation loss of appetite.

94. Long term effects Regular use of opium may cause: tolerance - needing to use more to get the same effect irregular periods and difficulty having children loss of sex drive constipation dependence on opium.

95. Morphine

96. . WHAT IS MORPHINE? Morphine is a non-synthetic narcotic with a high potential for abuse and is derived from opium. It is used for the treatment of pain. WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN? In the United States, a small percentage of the morphine obtained from opium is used directly for pharmaceutical products. The remaining morphine is processed into codeine and other derivatives. Wh a t are common street names? Common street names include: Dreamer, Emsel, First Line, God’s Drug, Hows, M.S., Mister Blue, Morf, Morpho, and Unkie. What does it look like? Morphine is marketed under generic and brand name prod-ucts, including: • MS-Contin, Oramorph SR, MSIR, Roxanol, Kadian, and RMS How is it abused? Traditionally, morphine was almost exclusively used by injection, but the variety of pharmaceutical forms that it is marketed as today support its use by oral and other routes of administration. Forms include: • Oral solutions, immediate-and extended-release tablets and capsules, and injectable preparations Those dependent on morphine prefer injection because the drug enters the bloodstream more quickly.

97. What is its effect on the mind? Morphine’s effects include euphoria and relief of pain. Chronic use of morphine results in tolerance and physical and psychological dependen ce. What is its effect on the body? Morphine use results in relief from physical pain, decrease in hunger, and inhibition of the cough reflex. What are its overdose effects? Overdose effects include: • Cold and clammy skin, lowered blood pressure, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slow pulse rate, coma, and possible death Which drugs cause similar effects? Drugs causing similar effects as morphine include: • Opium, codeine, heroin, methadone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and oxycodone

98. Effects on body

99. Thankyou