E-Notes-FEMALE-REPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM.pdfml

Female reproductive system

1. UNIT : 2 REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM AND FOETAL DEVELOPMENT

TOPIC : Anatomy And Physiology Female
Reproductive System






Mrs.R.Mohana.M.Sc (Nsg)
B.Sc DEGREE COURSE IN NURSING IV YEAR
(BASIC)
Midwifery and Obstetrical Nursing

2. WHY DO WE NEED TO REPRODUCE? INTRODUCTION:
•
To ensure survival of the species

• To produce eggs and sperm cells
• To transport and sustain these cells
• To nurture the developing offspring
• To produce hormones

3. OVERVIEW


The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions.

4 is the normal pH of the vagina.

40 weeks is the normal gestation period.

400 oocytes released between menarche and menopause.

400,000 oocytes present at puberty.

28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.

280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a normal gestation period

4. TERMINOLOGIES


OOGENESIS-The development of the egg ovum in the ovary.

OOGONIA: during fetal growth the oogonia (2n) divide to form primary oocytes
(2n), at puberty these will form secondary oocytes (n) and later eggs (n) each month.

GRANULOSA CELLS: nourish the developing egg cells

5. 
Diploid : (2n)-human cell contains 46 chromosomes and is called diploid (2n).

Haploid : (n). sex cells, called gametes, contain only 23 chromosomes, haploid
(n).

VAGINA : canal that connects the uterus to the environment

CERVIX : muscular ring of tissue at mouth of uterus separating it from the
vagina, holds the fetus in place

6. FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM


Formation of ova

Reception of spermatozoa

Provision of suitable environment for fertilization and fetal development

Parturition

Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment
for the baby in its early life.

7. FUNCTIONS OF EXTERNAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN


To enable sperm to enter the body


Protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms.

8. FUNCTIONS OF INTERNAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
The internal genital organs form a pathway (the genital tract). This pathway consists
of the following functions:


Vagina (part of the birth canal), where sperm are deposited and from which
a baby can emerge


Uterus, where an embryo can develop into a fetus


Fallopian tubes (oviducts), where a sperm can fertilize an egg


Ovaries, which produce and release eggs

9. EXTERNAL FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS

MONS PUBIS
A region of adipose tissue above the vagina that is covered with hair.

LABIA: Rich in nerve endings and blood vessels Protects internal organs against
pathogens Functions in sexual arousal

10. LABIA MAJORA

Has two folds of adipose tissue that border each side of the vagina.

The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs.

Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and fleshy

It contain sebaceous glands . After puberty, the labia majora are covered with
hair.

11. LABIA MINORA

The labia minora are smaller folds (forchette) of skin that lie inside the labia majora.

Contains no hair follicles or sweat glands.

The folds contain connective tissues numerous sebaceous gland, erectile muscle
fibers and numerous vessels and nerve endings

surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to
the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the
outside of the body).

12. CLITORIS

It is small cylindrical erectile body Measuring about
1.5 to 2cm

Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva The two labia minora meet at the
clitoris

A small, sensitive protrusion.

The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, richly supplied
with nerves.

The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.

13. VESTIBULE

The vestibule is formed by the labia minora.

It encloses
Urethral opening,
Vaginal orifice and hymen, Ducts from the greater vestibular

14. URETHERAL OPENING
Situated in midline just infront of the vaginal orifice About 1-1.5 cm below the
pubic arch.

15. VAGINAL ORIFICE AND HYMEN

Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule

It completely enclosed by a septum of mucous membrane called hymen

Hymen Located just inside the vaginal Opening No known function; not
always present
It is usually ruptured at the consummation of marriage

16. DUCTS FROM THE GREATER VESTIBULAR

Bartholin's glands:

There are two bartholin’s glands one on each side

Each gland has a duct which measures about 2 cm and open into vestibular
outside

Close to the posterior end of the vestibular bulb

During sexual excitement it secretes abundant alkaline mucus which helps in
lubrication.

17. BLOOD SUPPLY

Arteries – Branch of internal pudendal artery Branch of femoral
artery

Veins – Internal pudendal vein
Vesicle or vaginal venous plexus Long saphenous
vein

18. NERVE SUPPLY
Bilateral somatic nerve

Anterosuperior part:

Cutaneous branch from ilioinguinal Genital branch from
genitofemoral nerve

Posteroinferior part:

Pudental branch from posterior cutaneoys nerve

19. LYMPHATIC
Superficial inguinal nodes

Intermediate groups of inguinal lymph nodes External and internal
iliac lymph nodes

20. INTERNAL FEMALE GENITAL ORGAN

Vagina = “birth canal”

•
A tube like, muscular but elastic organ

•
About 4 to 5 inches long in an adult woman.

•
PH- 4 acidic

•
It is the passageway for sperm to the egg and for menstrual bleeding

•
Organ of copulation and forms the birth canal of parturition

21. STRUCTURE OF THE VAGINA

Posterior wall of vagina is 10 c m long Anterior wall is
only 7.5 cm length
The upper end of the vagina is known as the vault

Pink in appearance

It connects the external genital organs to the uterus. the organ of
sexual intercourse in women.

22. FORNICS OF THE VAGINA

Formed at the top of vagina due to projection of the uterine cervix

Four fornics are there
One anterior – front of cervix One posterior
– behind
Two lateral – either side of cervix

23. RELATIONS OF THE VAGINA

Anterior to the vagina – lie the bladder and the urethra which
are closely connected to the anterior vaginal wall

Posterior to the vagina – lie the pouch of douglas, the rectum and the perineal body;
each occupying one third of the posterior vaginal wall

Laterally – on the upper two third are the pelvic fascia and the
ureters, which pass beside the cervix

Superior to the vagina – lies the utreus

Inferior to the vagina – lies the external genitalia

24. BLOOD SUPPLY

Arteries – cervico vaginal branch of uterine artery vaginal artery-anterior division
of internal iliac & Internal pudendal

Veins – Internal iliac vein
Internal pudendal vein

25. LYMPHATIC

Internal iliac group Superficial inguinal
group

26. NERVE SUPPLY

Sympathetic and parasympathetic from the pelvic plexus

Lower part is supplied by the pudendal nerve

27. Female Reproductive System

28. Female










Vagina
–canalthat joints thecervix to
the Outside of the body
–also known as the birth
canal

29. Female





Uterus
–hollow organ that is the home
to a developingfetus

30. Female


Ovaries
–produce eggs and
horomone
–oval-shaped Glands that are
Located on either sideof the
uterus

31. Female
Fallopian Tubes
–tunnelsforthe eggcell
totravel fromtheovaries
totheuterus
–where fertilization
happens

32. REVIEW:
TheJourneyoftheEggCell (3)






(2)









(1)

33. Girls are born with over a million egg cells

but only about 400 are released during a lifetime of menstrual
cycles.

No new eggs develop after birth.

34. STRUCTURE

The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular, pear-shaped organ

Located in the middle of the pelvis, behind the bladder, and in front of the rectum.

The uterus is anchored in position by several ligaments.

The uterus consists of the cervix and the main body (corpus).

35. Continud….

The cervix is the lower part of the uterus, which protrudes into the upper
part of the vagina

It can be seen during a pelvic examination.
Like the vagina, the cervix is lined with a mucous membrane, but the mucous
membrane of the cervix is smooth.

Sperm can enter and menstrual blood can exit the uterus through a channel in
the cervix (cervical canal).

36. The cervical canal is usually narrow, but during labor, the canal widens to let
the baby through.

The cervix is usually a good barrier against bacteria, except around the time an
egg is released by the ovaries (ovulation), during the menstrual period, or during
labor..

37. FUNCTIONS OF THE UTREUS

The main function of the uterus is to sustain a developing fetus.

It prepare for this possibility for each month

At termination of pregnancy it expels the uterine contents

38. Male+Female=Fertilization

sperm enters the egg
cell

39. Male+Female=Fertilization
- fertilization of an eggby a sperm, normallyoccurs in
thefallopiantubes

- fertilized eggcell is calleda zygote



- The zygote then moves to the uterus,where it
implants into the lining of the uterine wall

40. RELATIONS
Anterior – the uterovesical pouch and the bladder Posterior – the rectouterine pouch of
the douglas Laterally – the broad ligament, the uterine tubes Superior – the intestine
Inferior – the vagina

41. MEARUREMENTS & PARTS
Pear shaped and Measures 8 cm long, 5 cm wide
1.25 cm thick Weight
50 gms

Parts
The body of corpus The
fundus
The cornua The
isthumus The cervis
Internal and external os Cervical
canal

42. LAYERS

Endometrum : inner lining of uterus, nourishes developing embryo, built up each
month for pregnancy, if not, shed during menstruation.

Myometrium: muscular, supports fetus, contracts at birth and to shed the
endometrium during menstruation.

Perimetrium: is a serous membrane that lines the outside of the uterus.

43. BLOOD SUPPLY
Arteries –uterine artery- branch of internal iliac artery
Veins – Internal iliac vein

LYMPHATIC
Deep and Superficial lymph vessels

NERVE SUPPLY
Parasympathetic and sympathetic

44. FALLOPIAN TUBES
Connects each ovary, egg will enter through an opening called a FIMBRIA, cilia
sweep the egg down towards the uterus fertilization will occur here, or it will die
within 48 hours

The two fallopian tubes, which are about 4 to 5 inches (about 10 to 13 centimeters)
long, extend from the upper edges of the uterus toward the ovaries.

The fallopian tubes are lined with tiny hairlike projections (cilia). The cilia and
the muscles in the tube's wall propel an egg downward through the tube to the
uterus.

The egg may be fertilized by a sperm in the fallopian tube

45. RELATIONS
Anterior, Posterior and Superior – the peritoneal cavity and intestine
Laterally – the sidewall of pelvis
Inferior – the broad ligament and the ovaries Medial – the uterus lies between
the uterine tubes

PARTS
The intestinal portion The
isthumus
The ampulla
The infundibulum The intra
mural part

46. BLOOD SUPPLY
Artery – uterine and ovary Venous –
ovarian vein

LYMPHATIC
Along with the ovarian vessels to para-aortic nodes

NERVE SUPPLY
Uterine and ovarian nerves

47. OVARY
The ovaries are usually pearl-colored, oblong, and about the size of a walnut.

They are attached to the uterus by ligaments. In addition to producing
female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone ) and male sex
hormones, the ovaries produce and release eggs.

The developing egg cells (oocytes) are contained in fluid-filled cavities (follicles)
in the wall of the ovaries. Each follicle contains one oocyte

48. RELATIONS
Anterior to the ovaries are the broad ligaments

Posterior to the ovaries are the intestine

Laterally to the ovaries are the infundibulopelvic ligaments and side walls of
the pelvis

Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube Inferior to the ovaries lies the
ovarian ligaments

49. STRUCTURE

MEDULLASS
supporting frame work Made of fibrous tissue Has ovarian blood vessels
Lymphatics and nerve travels through it

CORTEX
Functioning part of the ovum
Contains ovarian follicles in different stage

50. BLOOD SUPPLY
Artery –ovarian and abdominal aorta Venous –
ovarian vein

LYMPHATIC
Along the ovarian vessels to para-aortic nodes

NERVE SUPPLY
Ovarian nerves from T10 segment

52. MAMMARY GLANDS
The mammary glands are sweat glands specialized for the production of milk.
The milk-producing secretory cells form walls of bulb-shaped chambers called
alveoli that join together with ducts, in grapelike fashion, to form clusters called
lobules.
Numerous lobules assemble to form a lobe. Each breast contains a single mammary
gland consisting of 15 to 20 of these lobes.

53. MAMMARY GLANDS
• Lactiferous ducts leading away from the lobes widen into
lactiferous sinuses that serve as temporary reservoirs for milk.
• The breasts begin to enlarge in females at the onset of puberty.
Proliferating adipose (fat) tissue expands the breast, while suspensory
ligaments attached to the underlying fascia provide support.
• In non-pregnant females (and in males), the glands and ducts are not
fully developed.

55. Amnion
- transparent sacthat
protectsthe
babyinside
- filled with
amnioticfluid

56. Sperm











Cell

57. 6 weeks

58. 8 weeks


placenta

59. SUMMARY
Today we discussed about the Female Reproductive System:
•
Overview, Terminologies
•
Functions of the female reproductive system
•Structure, blood supply, lymphatic, nerve supply, functions of the internal and
external female genital organs
•
Structure of the uterus and its functions etc….
•
Structure of the fallopian tubes and its functions etc….
•
Structure of the breast

60. The greatest reward for doing is
the opportunity to do more.
Sources:
ROSS AND WILSON ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN HEALTH AND
ILLNESS 13
th
Edition, Elsevier publication 2018

Richard Drake, GRAY’S ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS,4th Edition, Elsevier
publication 2019
www.wikipedia.org
www.kidshealth.com
www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova

61. THE END