EAP 11_12_UNIT 10_LESSON 2_The Structure of Reports.pptx

education

1. Unit 10: Reports across Disciplines Lesson 2 The Structure of Reports

2. Report writing is like baking; each step has to be done according to specific measurements. ‹#›

3. ‹#› Differentiate the components of a survey, field, and technical report. Write drafts of a survey, field, and technical report.

4. What do you think are the parts of the survey, field, and technical reports? How should each part of the report relate to one another? Essential Questions ‹#›

5. Sections of Research Reports ‹#›

6. Preliminaries include the Title page, Abstract, and Table of Contents. Main Body covers the Introduction, Related Literature and Studies, Methodology, Discussion, and Conclusion. Other Content of Research Reports ‹#›

7. References section includes the list of sources presented according to a specific referencing format. Appendices section contains the transcriptions, observation or field notes, questionnaires, and other pertinent information gathered or used by the researchers. Other Content of Research Reports ‹#›

8. ‹#› What is the difference between the Abstract and the Introduction?

9. Explanation of the nature of respondents and why they are chosen in the report Introduction of what is being studied and how significant is the use of survey in this situation Description of relevant terms in the report Str ucture of a Survey Report ‹#›

10. Example 1 Malanday (2017) says that the only caveat in acquiring listening skills is the actual teaching strategies used. This shows a gap in the curriculum implementation, which focuses on teaching other language skills, and disregards the value of listening instructions. Structure of a Survey Report ‹#›

11. Since listening is as important as the other language skills (Brown, 2000), there is a need to modify instruction so that students will learn how to listen. Thus, the researchers intend to conduct a survey to identify the students’ perceptions on how listening competencies are practiced in the classroom. Structure of a Survey Report ‹#›

12. Example 2 The descriptive method is used in the study to assist in the interpretation of the survey for the students and translate the quantitative results into qualitative data. The informants of the study are the Grade 10 students in the Tandang Soro School. Structure of a Survey Report ‹#›

13. A researcher-made questionnaire is used to identify the students’ perceptions on how listening competencies are applied in the teaching-learning process. Descriptive statistics is used as the statistical treatment of the data gathered to know the most common responses of the students. Structure of a Survey Report ‹#›

14. Example 3 Structure of a Survey Report ‹#› Factors Specific Factors Percentage (%) External Environmental factors 12% Speaker factors 7% Internal Knowledge of content 25% Limited vocabulary 56%

15. The table shows that most of the students (56%) consider “limited vocabulary” as the most influential factor affecting their listening skills, while only 7% answered “speaker factors.” This implies that internal factors can be considered the most common concern of students in terms of their listening skills. Structure of a Survey Report ‹#›

16. Mercury (2002) emphasized in his study that students primarily depend on what they know to communicate. Considering the given results, it can be concluded that teaching strategies for listening skills should be more focused on the improvement of the students’ lack of knowledge of content and limited vocabulary, especially because they consider these factors to be influential in their listening. Structure of a Survey Report ‹#›

17. More specifically, this suggests that listening activities should cover not just the students’ internal factors, but also external factors. Structure of a Survey Report ‹#›

18. ‹#› The interpretation of the results in the Discussion part does not need to reiterate all information reflected in the graphic representation of the findings. One common fallacy in writing Discussions is stating the obvious or repeating statements of information.

19. In the Introduction, highlight the explanation of the phenomenon being studied and the purpose of the report. In the Methods section, describe the research environment and subjects clearly since the nature of the report requires field observation. Structure of a Field Report ‹#›

20. Since the results of a field report may be lengthy, ensure that the presentation of the results is still comprehensive, coherent, logical, and complete. Provide direct quotations or statements from interviewed respondents to explain or justify interpretations of significant results. Structure of a Field Report ‹#›

21. ‹#› Why is it important to know the structure of a report?

22. Example Verbal fillers affect the students’ confidence in speaking. There are times when some listeners comment on them when they stutter and forget what to say during a speaking activity. When the students are asked how verbal fillers affect their speaking skills, Student 1 said, “I ... uh ... I don’t know but it’s really hard for me to … to express myself in the English language. Sometimes, my classmates laughed at me because, you know, ano… I make mistakes.” Structure of a Field Report ‹#›

23. ‹#› Categorize common responses or observations under general topics or themes. This will help in synthesizing lengthy notes or data from field observations or interviews. Do not forget to include the complete transcription of each interview and the record of field notes in the Appendices.

24. In the Introduction, define relevant terms that will be used in the study. Specify in the Methods section all necessary techniques and procedures that will be included in the report. The data gathering procedure should be comprehensive. The contents of the results and discussion should be considerate of the target readers of the report. Structure of a Laboratory/Scientific Technical Report ‹#›

25. Example The significant results of the experiment done on Product X show its effectiveness as a fertilizer for vegetables. Thus, it is suggested that agriculture-related organizations use the product as fertilizer instead of other alternatives. Moreover, it is recommended that the researchers in the agricultural and scientific sectors work on more studies that would show the effectiveness of certain products to ensure productivity and efficiency. Structure of a Laboratory/ Scientific Technical Report ‹#›

26. To ensure that you will carefully follow the structure and guidelines of report writing, you can make a research timeline where you can write a section of the report concurrent with the actual research practice (e.g. data-gathering). Structure of Reports ‹#›

27. Research ethics should be practiced during the conduction of research and the writing of the report. Researchers should not just follow the prescribed structure for report writing but should also adhere to the standards of research, which includes the confidentiality of personal data from the respondents and accuracy of findings presented. Structure of Reports ‹#›

28. Cohesion - Use transitional words to relate an idea, word, sentence, or paragraph, to another idea, word, sentence, or paragraph. Citation - The format for citation should be the same with the format for the References section. Guidelines in Report Writing ‹#›

29. Content - Do not just focus on following the guidelines; make sure that the content is meaty and is based on reliable sources. Clarity - Use the same tense and point of view depending on what is necessary for the section of the report. Do not jump from a general topic to another general idea without further elaboration Guidelines in Report Writing ‹#›

30. Ta ke note that the research problem/questions and objectives in the Introduction of the report should be reflected or related to all the other sections. Consistency - This should be applied in terms of formatting, formality of language use, style of presentation of results, and citations and referencing. Guidelines in Report Writing ‹#›

31. Recall the structure of the research report you used in Explore. Write a brief analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of its parts based on the guidelines discussed. Make an infographic of the structure of the survey, field, and technical reports. ‹#›

32. Questions Cite attributes of a useful/effective Introduction for a Survey Report. What is the difference between the Results and Discussion? ‹#›

33. Why are some research findings in the Results and Discussion sometimes copied or used in other research or reports? Question ‹#›

34. The structure of research survey, field, and technical reports is the IMRaD format. Although the sections of the reports are common, each part is written according to the objective and nature of writing of the particular kind of report . ‹#›

35. When writing a report, there are standards that can be used as a guideline: 5Cs: Cohesion, Citation, Content, Clarity, and Consistency . ‹#›

36. ‹#› Chapter 5 Writing the Research Report . Accessed July 3, 2020 from http://www.psych.uncc.edu/pagoolka/seminar/Ch5WritingResearch.pdf . Driscoll, Dana Lynn . “Introduction to Primary Research: Observations, Surveys, and Interviews”. Writing Spaces: Reading on Writing Volume 2 . Accessed July 3, 2020 from https://wac.colostate.edu/books/writingspaces2/driscoll--introduction-to-primary-research.pdf . “Writing a Field Report”. USC Libraries. Accessed July 3, 2020 from https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/fieldreport . Salkind, Neil J. Exploring Research Fifth Edition . New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. 2003. “The Report Body”. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Accessed July 3, 2020 from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_engineering/handbook_on_report_formats/the_report_body.html .