Earth and Life Science Rock and Minerals.pptx

Powerpoint presentation of Earth and Life Science - Rocks and Minerals

1. Rocks and Minerals

2. Objectives: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. Describe the different properties of minerals; and Recognize the importance of minerals in our daily lives

3. rocks Naturally occurring aggregate or a combination of minerals and mineraloids such as fossils and glass. The natural building block of earth’s lithosphere. An aggregate of one or more minerals.

4. Rock cycle A process where rocks are constantly being transformed, generated, and destroyed.

5. Rock cycle

6. Types of rocks Igneous Sedimentary metamorphic

7. Igneous ROCKS “ Ignis” a Latin word meaning fire f ormed by volcanic activity. Magma is molten rock generated by the partial melting of rocks in earth’s mantle. They are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten (melted) rock.

8. Types of igneous rocks Extrusive rocks Intrusive rocks

9. Extrusive rocks Extrusive  igneous rocks form when magma reaches the earth's surface a volcano and cools quickly. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Examples include basalt, rhyolite, andesite, and obsidian.

10. Intrusive rocks Intrusive , or plutonic, igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the earth's surface. Named after the Roman God “Pluto” Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed crystals. Examples include granite, gabbro, diorite and dunite .

11. Sedimentary rocks Formed during lithification, compaction, cementation, and accumulation.

12. Types of sedimentary rocks Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

13. Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Rocks come from weathered rocks such as igneous rocks. composed of rock fragments that have been weathered from pre-existing rocks.

14. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Rocks come from soluble materials produced largely by chemical weathering. formed by of minerals from water or by alteration of already existing material in place.

15. Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors Started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form

16. Metamorphism is taken from the Greek for “change of form”; metamorphic rocks are derived from igneous or sedimentary rocks that have altered their form (recrystallized) as a result of changes in their physical environment

17. Types of Metamorphic Rocks

18. Types of Metamorphic Rocks FOLIATED   F orms when pressure squeezes the flat or elongate minerals within a rock so they become aligned These rocks develop a platy or sheet-like structure that reflects the direction that pressure was applied.

19. NON-FOLIATED Types of Metamorphic Rocks Not all parent rocks have platy or elongated minerals and when these rocks undergo metamorphism the individual mineral grains do not align. M etamorphic rocks include  marble, quartzite and hornfels

20. Minerals Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. These minerals that are common and abundant on Earth’s crust are known as rock - forming minerals. Mineralogist use the criteria to determine whether a material is a classified as a mineral or not.

21. Characteristic of minerals 1) naturally occurring - not man-made or machine generated 2) inorganic - not a byproduct of living things, it must be a product of earth’s physical processes The product is not alive and was not part of anything that was alive 3) solid at room temperature- physically and chemically uniform down to atomic level

22. 4) regular crystal structure- crystalline atoms are arranged in an orderly repetitive manner 5) defined chemical composition. -represented by a chemical formula Characteristic of minerals

23. picture play IF YOUR ANSWER IS MINERAL IF YOUR ANSWER IS NOT MINERAL Instructions:

24. iS WATER A MINERAL?

25. water is not a mineral

26. Is water (H2O) a mineral? Yes naturally occurring - not man-made or machine generated Yes inorganic - not a byproduct of living things, it must be a product of earth’s physical processes No solid at room temperature No regular crystal structure Yes defined chemical compositio n

27. is tube ice a mineral?

28. tube ice is not a mineral

29. Is tube ice a mineral? No naturally occurring - not man-made or machine generated Yes inorganic - not a byproduct of living things, it must be a product of earth’s physical processes No solid at room temperature Yes regular crystal structure Yes defined chemical composition

30. is snowflake a mineral?

31. snowflake is a mineral

32. Is snowflake a mineral? Yes naturally occurring - not man-made or machine generated Yes inorganic - not a byproduct of living things, it must be a product of earth’s physical processes Yes solid at room temperature Yes regular crystal structure Yes defined chemical composition

33. is halite “table salt” is a mineral?

34. halite is a mineral

35. Is halite “table salt” is a mineral? Yes naturally occurring - not man-made or machine generated Yes inorganic - not a byproduct of living things, it must be a product of earth’s physical processes Yes solid at room temperature Yes regular crystal structure Yes defined chemical composition / NaCL (Sodium Chloride)

36. Characteristic of minerals 1) naturally occurring - not man-made or machine generated 2) inorganic - not a byproduct of living things, it must be a product of earth’s physical processes 3) solid at room temperature 4) regular crystal structure, 5) defined chemical composition.

37. MINERAL POPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

38. Physical properties of minerals Luster Transparency Hardness Crystal form habit Color and Streak Specific Gravity Cleavage

39. Luster How light is reflected off a surface of a mineral. it is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral. a. metallic – generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a polished metal. b. non-metallic – vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like), resinous, silky, pearly, dull (earthy), greasy, among others.

40. hardness Refers to the mineral resistance to scratch. German geologist/mineralogist Friedrich Mohs designed the “Mohs Scale of Hardness”. The “Mohs Scale of Hardness” measures the scratch resistance of various minerals from a scale of 1 to 10, based on the ability of a harder material/mineral to scratch a softer one.

41. Friedrich Mohs The “Mohs Scale of Hardness” measures the scratch resistance of various minerals from a scale of 1 to 10, based on the ability of a harder material/mineral to scratch a softer one.

42. Crystal form/habit Refers to the overall shape of the crystal. C haracteristic external shape of an individual crystal or aggregate of crystals

43. A mineral that do not have a crystal structure is described as amorphous - crystals with no identifiable characteristic shape

44. color A lot of minerals can exhibit same or similar colors. Individual minerals can also display a variety of colors resulting from impurities and also from some geologic processes like weathering.

45. Streak Refers to the color of the mineral in powdered form. is the mineral’s color in powdered form. It is inherent in almost every mineral, and is a more diagnostic property compared to color. Note that the color of a mineral can be different from its streak.

46. cleavage Resistance to being broken. The tendency of a mineral to break along flat planar surfaces as determined by the structure of its crystal lattice

47. Specific Gravity A measure of the relative density of a mineral. The ratio of density of the mineral and the density of water. This parameter indicates how many times more the mineral weighs compared to an equal amount of water

48. Others ❖ Magnetism ❖ Odor ❖ Taste ❖ Tenacity ❖ Reaction to acid

49. Crystal Structure Describes the orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral.

50. Transparency Allows the light to pass through and you can see objects through. .

51. Chemical properties Solubility – the ability of a mineral to dissolve in a liquid.

52. Silicates rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust

53. Oxides Minerals composed of oxygen anion (O2-) combined with one or more metal ions

54. Sulfates Minerals containing sulfur and oxygen in the form of the (SO4)- anion

55. Sulfides Minerals containing sulfur and a metal; some sulfides are sources of economically important metals such as copper, lead, and zinc an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions. Solutions of sulfide salts are corrosive. Sulfide also refers to large families of inorganic and organic compounds, e.g. lead sulfide and dimethyl sulfide

56. Carbonates Minerals containing the carbonate (CO3)2- anion combined with other elements. A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, H₂CO₃, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula CO2−3

57. Native elements Minerals that formed as individual elements. a. metals and intermetals – minerals with high thermal and electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster, low hardness (gold, lead) b. semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile than metals and have lower conductivity (arsenic, bismuth). lso called metalloids, are elements with physical and chemical properties of both metals and non-metals c. nonmetals – nonconductive (sulfur, diamond) those which lack all the metallic attributes

58. Halides Minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more metals The halides group of minerals are salts of sodium, fluoride, and hydrochloric acid. The minerals halite, sylvite, and carnallite from this group contain exclusive chloride having petrogenic significance. Halite (NaCl) is the mineral form of sodium chloride and is commonly known as rock salt .

59. The table below shows the summary of mineral group categorization based on their chemical compositions.