echinoderms-in-marine-ecosystem-stability-thesis-defense.pptx

Aquaculture for Grade 8 Revised K-12.

1. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Hazards (biological, psychosocial and chemical) Here is where your presentation begins

2. Vocabulary You can describe the topic of the section here 01

3. Unlocking Content Vocabulary  Biological Health - Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans.  Brackish water Culture - It is rich in oxygen and plankton. Brackish water organisms can be cultured in various ways such as in tidal ponds, pens, cages or by rack, raft, or rope culture.  Chemical hazards - mean any organic or inorganic substance of a particular identity, any element or uncombined chemical and any combination of such substances, or any mixture or two or more chemical substances.  Ergonomic Health - It is the science of fitting jobs to workers instead of trying to get the worker to fit the job. It focuses on designing workstations, tools & work tasks for safety, efficiency, and comfort.

4. Unlocking Content Vocabulary  Manmade Hazard - Anthropological hazards are those hazards caused directly or indirectly by human action or inaction. They can be contrasted with natural hazards.  Mariculture - For the culture of fish, prawns, and lobster floating cages are used.  Natural Hazard - It is a natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on people or the environment. Natural hazard events can be grouped into four broad categories.  Physical Health - Refer to the potential risks that can cause physical harm or injury to workers due to physical agents, factors or conditions present in the workplace.  Psychosocial Hazard - refer to the stressors and factors in the workplace or environment that can cause emotional distress or mental health issues in individuals.

5. Statement You can describe the topic of the section here 02

6. “This is a quote. Words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired” —Someone Famous

7. Hazard A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health property, and environment. Hazards can be dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard becomes “active”, it can create an emergency. A hazard that has come to pass is called incident. Hazard and possibility interact together to create risk.

8. Occupational health issues commonly encountered in commercial fisheries include: ● Cancers and allergies, such as skin cancers, from lengthy and unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. ● Eye disorders, such as sunburned eyes and blurred vision, from overexposure to UV rays from the sun. ● Injuries, from sharp objects on deck, gears or fish handling. ● Hearing disorders, from working in noisy engine rooms. ● Musculoskeletal disorders, from falls on slippery wet surfaces, getting caught in winches or other machinery or from lifting heavy loads. ● Suicides, from lengthy periods of stress and fatigue. ● Drug and alcohol addictions.

9. Types of Hazard Natural Hazard - It is a natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on people or the environment. Natural hazard events can be grouped into four broad categories. ● Geophysical hazards – these hazards are driven by geological (i.e., Earth) processes, in particular, plate tectonics. This includes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. ● Meteorological hazards – these hazards driven by meteorological (i.e., weather) processes, in particular those related to temperature and wind. This includes heat wave, cold waves, cyclones, hurricanes, and freezing rain. ● Hydrological hazards – hazards driven by hydrological (i.e., water) processes. This includes floods, droughts, mudslides, and tsunamis. ● Biological hazards – can refer to a diverse array of disease and infestation.

10. Types of Hazard Manmade Hazard - Anthropological hazards are those hazards caused directly or indirectly by human action or inaction. They can be contrasted with natural hazards. ● These are the result of carelessness or human errors during technological and industrial use. ● Disasters are in the form of accidents, which occur all of a sudden and take a huge toll on life and property. Mostly such disasters cause injuries, disease, and casualties where they occur. ● Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect human, other organisms and biomes and eco-systems.

11. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

12. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Hazards OSH is a risk associated with working in specific occupations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) describes five categories of occupational hazards: ergonomic health, physical health, biological, psychological health, environmental and chemical risk factors.

13. Ergonomic Health It is the science of fitting jobs to workers instead of trying to get the worker to fit the job. It focuses on designing workstations, tools & work tasks for safety, efficiency, and comfort. Ergonomics seeks to decrease fatigue and injuries, along with increasing comfort, productivity, job satisfaction and safety, because work injuries are not inevitable, and a well-designed job should not hurt you. Ergonomics is important because when you’re doing a job, and your body is stressed by an awkward posture, extreme temperature, or repeated movement your musculoskeletal system is affected. Your body may begin to have symptoms such as fatigue, discomfort, and pain, which can be the first signs of a musculoskeletal disorder

14. Musculoskeletal Disorders or MSDs? Musculoskeletal disorders or MSDs are cumulative and chronic injuries of the soft tissue-muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, joints, and blood vessels. The body has limits and can fail or wear out when abused or misused. MSDs are defined as injuries to muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, nerves, and discs that are caused or aggravated by our actions and/or environment that does not follow safe and healthy work practices.

15. Musculoskeletal Disorders or MSDs? A well-known MSD is carpal tunnel syndrome which occurs when the nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The carpal tunnel - a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand - houses the 5 median nerves and tendons. Sometimes, thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the median nerve to be compressed resulting in pain, weakness, loss of grip or numbness in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm.

16. Symptoms of MSDs Symptoms of MSDs ● Pain ● Weakness ● Stiffness ● Sensitivity ● Swelling ● Burning sensation ● Tingling ● Drowsiness ● Difficulty moving ● Clumsiness

17. AQUACULTURE METHODS AND PRACTICES

18. These practices include: Mariculture Metahaline culture Brackish water culture Freshwater Culture METHODS AND PRACTICES

19. Mariculture For the culture of fish, prawns, and lobster floating cages are used. Racks, rafts, rope, pole, and long lines are used for the culture of mussels, particularly pearl oyster. Seaweed also is widely cultured with the help of nets or webbings. Cage culture – it is an aquaculture production system made of a floating frame, net materials, and mooring system (with rope, buoy, anchor etc.) with a round or square shape floating net to hold and culture large number of fishes and can be installed in reservoir, river, lake, or sea. Cage culture involves the growing of fish in existing water resources. A Catwalk and handrail is built around a battery of floating cages. There are four (4) types of fish-rearing cages namely: (a) fixed cages, (b) floating cages, (c) submerged cages, and (d) moveable cages. Mariculture

20. Cage culture – it is an aquaculture production system made of a floating frame, net materials, and mooring system (with rope, buoy, anchor etc.) with a round or square shape floating net to hold and culture large number of fishes and can be installed in reservoir, river, lake, or sea. Cage culture involves the growing of fish in existing water resources. A Catwalk and handrail is built around a battery of floating cages. There are four (4) types of fish-rearing cages namely: (a) fixed cages, (b) floating cages, (c) submerged cages, and (d) moveable cages. M ariculture

21. Raft culture – is one of the commercially important methods of intensive aquaculture. These are the rectangular wooden frames floating on the water. They are made of bamboo and made to flows by empty dumps. The basic raft unit consists of a long floating rope buoyed with numerous floats and anchored with fixed wooden. o Single Floating Rope Raft – it is independently positioned raft units, i.e. they are not joined to other floating raft ropes but are anchored separately. o Block of Floating Rafts – is composed of between 10-40 floating kelp rope rafts joined together. Floating raft ropes in parallel series are positioned 3-5m apart so that water circulation is not impeded and so that kelp plants at maturity do not tangle. M ariculture

22. Raft Culture

23. Raft Culture

24. Rack culture Rack culture – is an improvement of intertidal culture methods over the traditional beach culture method. Using steel racks placed into the sand or mud bottom, plastic mesh bags filled with small culture organisms are laid across the tops of the racks where they are surrounded with water when the tides come in.

25. Rack culture

26. Pole culture Pole culture – is mainly undertaken in France. This is also called the “Bouchot” or stake culture. The poles used are big branches or trunks of oak tree, 4-6m in length, which are staked in rows, 0.7m apart on soft and muddy bottoms of the intertidal zone during low tide.

27. Pole culture

28. Long-line culture Long-line culture – is an alternative to raft culture in areas less protected from wave action. A long line supported by a series of small floats joined by a cable or chain and anchored at the bottom on both end is employed. Collected mussel spats on ropes or strings are suspended on the line.

29. Long-line culture

30. Bottom culture Bottom culture – oysters have traditionally been cultured on the bottom just like a wild oyster. Bottom culture is pacing the oyster on the bottom of the oyster lease or placing oyster shells on the bottom of the lease to catch wild oyster.

31. Bottom culture

32. Artificial reef culture Artificial reef culture – are intentionally placed benthic structures built of natural or man-made materials, which are designed to protect, enhance, or restore components of Marine ecosystem.

33. Artificial reef culture

34. These practices include: Mariculture Metahaline culture Brackish water culture Freshwater Culture Review METHODS AND PRACTICES

35. ORGANIC AQUACULTURE

36. Organic Fish Farming Organic fish farming is a newly developed concept and is still in the early stages of development and strives to re-establish a proper balance in aquaculture systems, for the benefit of the fish, the environment, and consumers. The feed, mainly consisting of fish meal, oil, cereal-based products, vitamins, and minerals, etc. should be organically produced. And it is not an easy task to bring down and remove the level of organochlorine pollutants in the marine fish that are used for conversion into fishmeal. Fish fed with natural ingredients from certified organic agriculture and sustainable fisheries-feeds are particularly formulated to match exactly what the fish would eat in the wild.

37. Open Water System

38. Open Water System Mollusk Culture The best sites for culturing mollusks are therefore those that meet their biological requirements, including the following: ( i ) Seawater salinity range of 15-35 ppt. (ii) Water depth of 1-10 m, and (iii) Muddy bottom for mussels and hard rocky or coralline substrates for oysters.

39. Open Water System Seaweed Farming Seaweed, aside from being used as food, are important sources of colloids or gels, such as agar, as well as minerals of medicinal importance such as iodine. Eucheuma, ared algae, is a valuable source of carrageenan, an important industrial compound used in stabilizing and improving the quality of a great number of products. Caulerpa lentillifera , a green alga, is economically important because it is a favorite and nutritious salad dish containing essential trace minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron and zinc. It is also known for its medicinal properties, being used as an anti-fungal agent and as a natural means for lowering blood pressure. Gracilaria , another red alga, is economically important in Taiwan (PC) for its agar extracts.

40. Fishpond, Cage, and Pen System

41. Fishpond Culture Pond culture, or the breeding and rearing of fish in natural or artificial basins, is the earliest form of aquaculture with its origins dating back to the era of the Yin Dynasty (1400-1137 B.C.). Over the years, the practice has spread to almost all parts of the world and is used for a wide variety of culture organisms in freshwater, brackish water, and marine environments.

42. A picture is worth a thousand words

43. Current situation & problems statement Current situation Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System. It's the fourth-brightest object in the night sky. It was named after the Roman god of the skies and lightning Saturn Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. It’s composed mostly of hydrogen and helium Mars Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System Problems

44. Hypotheses Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon. The planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is extremely poisonous Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System. It's the fourth-brightest object in the night sky. It was named after the Roman god of the skies and lightning Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 3 1 2 3

45. Study objectives Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Mercury Venus Mars

46. Reviewing concepts is a good idea Mars is actually a very cold place Venus has extremely high temperatures Mercury Venus Mars Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Saturn is a gas giant with several rings Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Neptune Saturn Jupiter

47. Literature review AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication . Publisher Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication . Publisher Mars is full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication . Publisher Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication . Publisher Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun AUTHOR. (YEAR). Title of the publication . Publisher Earth is the third planet from the Sun and harbors life

48. Theoretical framework Theoretical framework Key terms Relevant theories Mercury is small Earth harbors life Jupiter is quite big Our framework Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere Theory 1 Saturn is a gas giant and has rings. It’s composed mostly of hydrogen and helium Theory 2 Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun and also an ice giant planet

49. Schedule Task Description Date Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Status Task 1 Despite being red, Mars is cold Jan 1 - Feb 15 Completed Task 2 Earth is the planet with life Feb 1 - Apr 30 In progress Task 3 Venus has a beautiful name Mar 15 - Apr 30 Delayed Task 4 Neptune is far away from us Apr 20 - May 15 Unstarted Task 5 Jupiter is a huge gas giant Jun 4 - Jun 30 Unstarted

50. Methodology Type of data Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Motives Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Data collection Mars is full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast Specific sampling Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System Fundamental principles

51. Analysis & development Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter than Mercury Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings. This planet is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that harbors life in the Solar System. We all live on this planet Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s a bit larger than the Moon Jupiter is a gas giant, the biggest planet in the Solar System and the fourth-brightest object in the night sky Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun. It's also the fourth-largest planet by diameter in the Solar System Phase 01 Phase 02

52. Analysis & development Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here Venus Venus has a beautiful name Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System The planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System Jupiter is the biggest planet in the entire Solar System Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium Mercury Mercury is quite a small planet

53. Analysis of the results Mercury Mercury is quite a small planet Venus Venus has a beautiful name 50% Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here 60% 40% Results Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System Mars Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place

54. Venus Mars Mercury This is a map Venus is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

55. Discussion Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that harbors life in the Solar System. This is where we all live: Ceres is located in the main asteroid belt The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite Neptune is very far away from us Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet Mars & Earth Discussion 1 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon Discussion 2 Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter than Mercury 1 2

56. Conclusions Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Venus has a very beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System Neptune is the fourth-largest planet by diameter in the Solar System Mars Venus Mercury Neptune

57. Bibliographical references Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source . Publisher

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