Ecosystems - structure and function.pptx

ekosistem

1. Ecosystems

2. Key terms Autotrophs/Producers Heterotrophs/Consumers Decomposers Ecological Community Community-level interactions Keystone species Trophic level Limiting Factors Know the difference and be able to compare: Biotic factors vs. Abiotic factors Food chains vs. Food webs Niche vs. habitat

3. Structure Daily Goal/Unit Questions : What defines an ecosystem? How to classify and explain the interactions w/in an ecosystem.

4. Unit Questions for Understanding What is ecology? What basic processes keep us and other organisms alive? What are the major components of an ecosystem? What happens to energy in an ecosystem? What are soils and how are they formed? What happens to matter in an ecosystem? How do scientists study ecosystems ?

5. Unit Questions for Understanding What factors the earth’s climate? How does climate determine where the earth’s major biome’s are found? What are the major types of desert biomes? What are the major types of grassland biomes? What are the major types of forest and mountain biomes? How have human activities affected the world’s desert, grassland, forest, and mountain biomes?

6. Structure Levels of Ecological Organization : Atom Molecule Cell Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

7. Levels of Ecological Organization Individual : One organism within a species. = 1

8. Levels of Ecological Organization Population : One group of species that live together and interact in one area.

9. Levels of Organization Community: All Biotic populations within one area that interact together.

10. Levels of Ecological Organization Ecosystem: A set of communities within one area that interact.

11. Life on Earth Life on earth depends on 3 interconnecting factors: The one-way flow of energy (high-quality) Sun to earth and living things Photosynthesis (low – energy) Can not be recycled Cycling of matter or nutrients ( round – trip ) Only certain amount of matter and nutrients on earth. Required for life sustainability Depending on the cycle, takes seconds to centuries. Gravity Allows us to hold onto the atmosphere surround the earth, which allows life to be sustained.

12. Abiotic Factors Non-living components : Water, air, nutrients Rocks heat, solar energy Salinity Temperature pH Wind TOK : How can we measure abiotic factors? What are some methods we can use?

13. Biotic Factors All components that consists of living and once lived . Plants Animals Microbes Dead organisms and parts of organisms Waste products from organisms TOK : What are ways we can measure Biotic Factors? What are some methods we can use? Are these methods as precise as measuring Abiotic? Why or why not?

14. Ecology Ecology – study of relationships in the natural world. Ecologist – the person or scientist that study these interactions Applied ecology – Uses information from ecologists to better understand issues like developing effective vaccination strategies, managing fisheries or large ranches without over harvesting, depleting genetic diversity, designing land/marine conservation reserves for threatened and endangered species ( spp ) and modeling how ecosystems may respond to global climate change, natural and human disasters.

15. The Gaia Hypothesis: Is the Earth Alive? Some have proposed that the earth’s various forms of life control or at least influence its chemical cycles and other earth-sustaining processes. The strong Gaia hypothesis: life controls the earth’s life-sustaining processes. The weak Gaia hypothesis: life influences the earth’s life-sustaining processes .

16. Biomes A collection of ecosystems that share similar climatic conditions, vegetation and animals. In relation to ecosystems Most changes in ecosystems are caused by climate change, species movement in and out of the ecosystem and ecological succession. Species basic physical conditions for survival also play a role in an ecosystem. Geography has an important impact on ecosystem changes because of climate circulation patterns (atmospheric and oceanic) and climate zones. Factors include: Temperature ranges, moisture availability, light and nutrient availability, and altitude (height above or below sea level).

17. Climate Weather is a local area’s short-term physical conditions such as temperature and precipitation. Climate is a region’s average weather conditions over a long time. Latitude and elevation help determine climate.

18. Current Climate Zones - Map

19. Biomes Climate Zones : Divided into 4 distinct areas - Tropics – warmest, wettest regions Equator - where the sun’s heat and energy are the strongest. Subtropics – high-pressure creates dry zones @ 30° latitude North and South. Poles – Driest and coldest zones @ 60° latitude. Reason for climate zones – The angle of impact of the sun’s rays on the earth Equator = 90° Angle Latitude and altitude change the ambient heat energy the further you move away from the equator or away from the surface. The Earth is tilted at a 23.5° angle creating seasons as it orbits around the sun.

20. Biomes broad geographical areas that stretch the globe which contain many ecosystems with a wide range of diverse groups of organisms that are adapted for those specific temperatures and precipitations. Division of biomes (with subdivisions) Aquatic Freshwater – swamp forests, lakes, ponds, streams, rivers and bogs Marine – rocky shore, mud flats, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, continental shelf, deep ocean Terrestrial Deserts – hot and cold Forests – Tropical, temperate, and boreal(taiga) Grasslands – Tropical or savanna and temperate Tundra – arctic and alpine

21. Biomes: In relation to latitude & longitude

22. Determined by precipitation , Temp., and soil type

23. Biomes Aquatic Biomes (Freshwater and Marine) Covers ¾ of the earth’s surface. Include – open ocean, coral reefs, estuaries, lakes, rivers Large bodies (oceans & lakes) are layered Surface – warmest with most amount of light filtration. Depends on the movement and mixture from deep to surface for nutrients.

24. Biomes - Aquatic Wetlands – Freshwater and saltwater swamps, marshes, bogs All have standing water, water table is at the surface, ground is saturated Little oxygen creates special soils and decay takes place slowly. Creates the coal we use today over a geological time period. Bogs – no surface water but have a layer of vegetation that lays on top of the water. Bacteria found here carry out chemical processes that produce methane and hydrogen sulfide.

25. Biome - Aquatic Freshwater – lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, groundwater. Very small portion of the Earth’s water supply. Used to supply water to homes, industry, recreation, and agriculture. Rivers and streams are used to transport materials from land to ocean. Abundant in biotic factors. Estuaries – mouths of rivers where ocean water and freshwater mix. – rich in nutrients, impt . in breeding sites for fish (salmon).

26. Biome - Aquatic Intertidal zones : Areas exposed to the alternation of air during low tide and ocean waters during high tide. Constant movement of water transports nutrients in and out of the zone. Major economic resources found here, i.e. seafood Susceptible to pollution from land and freshwater sources. Extreme variations in environmental conditions occur here.

27. Biome - Aquatic Open Ocean : Called pelagic region Tend to be low in nitrogen and phosphorus Benthos – bottom portion Primary food source is dead organic material that falls from above. Upwellings – Deep ocean waters Cold and dark, life is scarce Rich in nutrients – dead organic material (organisms) fall from surface Upward flows of waters brings those nutrients to the surface allowing abundant growth of algae and animals at the surface. Commercial fishing occurs in these areas because of the abundant and diverse fertile organisms found here. Hydrothermal vents – occur in deep ocean where plate tectonic processes create vents of hot water with a high concentration of sulfur compounds. Chemosynthetic organisms live here Water pressure is high, and temps range from boiling to frigid.

28. Differences Oceans Freshwater Large continuous areas Varies in size, mostly isolated from other water sources. Organisms have a more free range of movement through areas, Less need to adapt to changes in conditions More adept to a wider range of changing conditions and able to change habitats.

29. Biomes - Terrestrial Tundra – treeless plains that occur in the harsh climates of low rainfall and low average temps. Covers 10% of earth’s land. Dominant vegetation – grasses, mosses, lichens, flowering dwarf shrubs ( no Trees) Two types Arctic – High latitudes, Alaska/N. Canada/Greenland Antarctica Alpine – High elevation, Himalayas, Rocky Mountain Ranges, Swiss Alps They differ by the types of animals found and latitude/altitude. Permafrost – permanently frozen ground, extremely fragile Indicator of global warming, huge methane storage.

30. Arctic Tundra

31. Alpine Tundra

32. Biomes - Terrestrial Boreal (Taiga) Forests: Forests of cold climates High latitude and High altitude. Dominated by conifers (trees), form dense small trees. Spruce, firs, pines, aspens and birch to name a few. Biological diversity is low Commercially valuable resources Include large mammals, small rodents, many insects, birds, raptors Contain some of the Earth’s largest remaining wilderness Conservation is important (Yellowstone)

33. Biomes - Terrestrial Temperate Deciduous Forests: Climates are somewhat warmer than Boreal. N. America, Eurasia, Japan Dominant vegetation Maples, beech, oaks, hickory, chestnuts Taller trees than Boreal Dominant animals Smaller mammals that tend to live in trees (squirrels), birds, rodents, insects Larger mammals tend to live in the younger forests where tree population is smaller Long dominated by humans Important nature preserves (Yellowstone, Yosemite) Very few remaining uncut, old growth forests left Fire is natural and recurring, but not as dominant as in Boreal

34. Temperate Deciduous Forests

35. Energy flow

36. Biome - Terrestrial Temperate Rain (coniferous) Forests : Temps are moderate and precipitation exceeds 250cm/year Rare but spectacular Dominant vegetation – Coniferous and evergreen trees Redwood, Sequoia, Douglas Fir, Western Cedars Northern Hemisphere – California, Oregon (Redwood, Sequoia) Canada Southern Hemisphere – New Zealand Major source of Timber crops, esp. in N. America Low diversity of plant and animal species because of the low sunlight available on the forest floor.

37. Temperate Rain Forests

38. Biome - Terrestrial Temperate Woodlands (deciduous): Temp patterns are like deciduous forests, but climate is slightly drier. N. Hemisphere – New England, Georgia, Caribbean islands. Dominant veg – Small trees – pinion pine, evergreen oaks, ponderosa pine Stands are open and wide allowing plenty of sunlight to reach forest floors Fast growing and used for timber crops Animal species – Deer, small/med mammals, birds, rodents

39. Biome - Terrestrial Temperate Shrublands ( chapparal ): Mediterranean climates, low rain fall and cool seasons, Drier climates called Chaparral Coastal California (mid to lower), Chile, S. Africa, Med region of Europe (Ancient Greece and Rome). Miniature woodlands with dominant shrubs Highly modified by humans because of the climate and is conducive for ranching and farming. Young tree/shrub lands – conducive to fires Used to decorate many streets and gardens

40. Biome - Terrestrial Temperate Grasslands: Too dry for forests, too moist for deserts. Dominant plants – Grasses and flowers Soils have a deep organic layer, perfect for farming i.e. – Midwest, Kansas, Wyoming Covers areas from Canada down to Northern Oklahoma. Abundant animal species Large mammals – horses, American Bison, Kangaroos (Australia), antelope and other large herbivores (Africa) Small mammals – rodents (prairie dogs), foxes

41. Temperate Grasslands

42. Biome - Terrestrial Tropical Rain Forests: Avg temp is high and relatively constant the whole year, rainfall avg is high and frequent. Northern South America, Central America, Western Africa, N. Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Borneo, Hawaii and parts of Malaysia. Diverse plant and animal species – Approx 2/3 of all flowering plants live here. Mammals tend to live in trees – Monkeys, sloths, etc. High diversity of bird species and insect species

43. Tropical Rain Forests

44. Biome – Terrestrial Tropical Seasonal Forests and Savannas: Low latitudes, avg temp is high and constant Rainfall is abundant but seasonal Location – India, SE Asia, Africa and N & S Americas. Savannas – grasslands with scattered trees Large mammals – Lions, Tigers, Herds like Zebras, Giraffes, Pandas, Elephants, etc. Abundance of plant species.

45. Tropical Seasonal Forests and Savannas

46. Biome – Terrestrial Deserts: Driest regions where vegetation can survive. Rainfall is typically less than 50cm a year. Covers 30% of the earth. Sahara (Africa), Mojave (Ca/ Az ), Whitesands (N.M), Mexico and Australia occur at low latitudes. Cold deserts – Utah, Nevada and W Asia Specialized vegetation Joshua tree in Ca/Az. Cacti yuccas, turpentine bush prickly pears, false mesquite, agaves and brittlebush. Specialized animal species Vertebrate – lizards, snakes, jackrabbits, foxes, rodents, burrowing animals, birds, kangaroo mice Invertebrates – insects, beetles, arachnids

47. Food Webs and Food Chains Food webs : shows the complexity of relationships and energy flow between organisms within an ecosystem. Food Chains : Shows a simple one-way relationship and energy flow between a set group of organisms. Arrows represent the way the energy flows through a system. (eaten to eater)

48. Examples: Food chain – Grass  grasshopper  sparrow  Fox  Cougar

49. Tertiary consumer Secondary consumer 2 Secondary consumer 1 Primary consumer Producer

50. Food Web Cougar Fox Deer tree sparrow grasshopper worm flower butterfly vole grass

51. Food Web – Woodland community

52. Complex Food Web: It shows the following – The organisms within their niche Photosynthesis/Cell Resp relationship. Type of consumer – herbivore, omnivore, carnivore Direction of Solar energy flow It should also show- What trophic levels each organism is associated with.

53. Pyramid of Ecosystems Trophic level pyramid : Trophic = energy The higher the level the more e nergy is required to bring nutrients to that organism.

54. Energy vs. Matter

55. Pyramids of Productivity/Energy Equation: (B₂ - B₁ )/ Time (t) = NP Normal pyramid shows the loss of energy in comparison with the movement up the Trophic levels. Each step will be 10% the size of the previous step The exception to the normal pyramid is when portions of a food web are supported by inputs of resources from outside of the local community . Ex: global warming = increase in solar energy Ex: addition/subtraction of non-native species to an environment.

56. Energy Pyramid: 100% Solar Energy from the Sun is used by producers to make chemical energy. Within each level, the organisms use the given energy for life functions. Ex : reproduction, hunting, digesting food, etc. Each higher trophic level then receives 10% of that trophic level’s energy. Energy that is released is then given off as heat in each trophic level.

57. Biomass Pyramid

58. Pyramid of numbers - typical

59. Pyramid of numbers – Atypical