Ectoparasites

This is a presentation explaining different types of ecto parasites, explaining different type of parasitism and examples of parasitism.

1. ECTOPARASITES

2. Tick paralysis Australian tick paralysis…. A beautiful example of parasitic Excellence….

3. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 3 Arthropods Invertebrate animals that have jointed limbs, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton. Examples are Insects Arachnids Centipedes Crustaceans

4. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 4 Arthropods As Parasites Certain insects and arachnids become parasites when they transmit pathologic organisms, cause skin irritations, and produce toxins.

5. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 5 Insect Characteristics Insects have six legs Many have wings But some are wingless

6. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 6 Arachnid Characteristics Have eight legs Wingless Some produce toxins Some are so small must be seen under a microscope

7. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 7 Flies “That person is so nice.” “He wouldn’t even harm a fly”. These two statements sometimes give the impression that the fly, although sometimes annoying, is harmless. This is far from the truth.

8. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 8 Flies Running from flies will cause the animal to use up energy which sometimes will result in weight loss. Some flies bite, (female mosquitoes), which causes blood loss, tissue damage, and can transmit bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases to the host.

9. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 9 Biting and Nuisance Flies Biting Mosquitoes Black flies Horse flies Deer flies Stable flies Photo credit: Bastiaan (Bart) Drees Nuisance House flies Face flies Bottle flies

10. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 10 Biting and Nuisance Flies Biting Deliver painful bites Loose weight Carry diseases Nuisance The do not bite Carry diseases Annoy by feeding on eye and nose secretions

11. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 11 The Stable Fly Carriers of disease Annoying blood suckers Require moist places to lay eggs Photo by : Jim Kalisch, UNL Entomology

12. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 12 Horn Flies Blood suckers and very annoying Half the size of the housefly Majority of lifecycle spent on or near cattle Cow spends a majority of her time trying to get away from the pests thus reducing production Photo by : Jim Kalisch, UNL Entomology Photo by: Jack Campbell, UNL Entomology

13. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 13 Bot Flies Cause animals to panic which is called “Gadding” CREDITS: J. F. Butler, University of Florida

14. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 14 Bot Flies Eggs hatch and penetrate the skin CREDITS: Dr. Donald A. Rutz - Dr. Phillip E. Kaufman, Cornell University, Dept. of Entomology

15. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 15 Bot Flies Maggots (larvae) are parasitic Migrate to back, form warbles, cut breathing holes Damage to the hide CREDITS: Dr. Donald A. Rutz - Dr. Phillip E. Kaufman, Cornell University, Dept. of Entomology

16. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 16 Cuterebra Infect rabbits, mice, rats, and squirrels but rarely problem in cats and dogs

17. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 17 Cuterebra Also known as bots Photo by : Jim Kalisch UNL Entomology

18. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 18 Cuterebra Larvae known as wolf or wolf worms Courtesy of Shari Nelsen, Lincoln

19. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 19 Sheep Keds Wingless fly spending entire lifecycle on sheep Deposits fully develop larvae in the wool not eggs Adults feed off the blood causing intense pain Spring shearing and some insecticides

20. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 20 The Screwworm Fly Myiasis – Larval fly disease Eradication in U.S. in the 1950’s Sterilization of the male Importation restrictions Photos by: The National Agricultural Library Special Collections

21. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 21 Fleas They bite the animal and eat the blood. Can be an intermediate host; i.e. tapeworm Carries several diseases; i.e. Bubonic plague Life cycle can be as short as 16 days or as long as 2 years The adult will lay her eggs but they do not stick to the host “Flea dirt” is the source of food for the larvae

22. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 22 Flea Lifecycle - Ctenocephalides 1. Female flea feeds on host’s blood and lays eggs 2. Eggs fall off host 3. Eggs hatch in 2 to 12 days 4. Larvae pupates for 7 days to 2 years 5. Adult emerges and looks for new host

23. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 23 Are These Mites or Lice? Two Orders of Lice Anoplura – Sucking Lice Mallophaga – Biting Lice

24. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 24 Lice Lice can infest dogs and cats year round Horses and cattle usually get lice in the winter Lice are very host specific They must live on their host at all times Can cause intense itching, pain, and hair loss

25. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 25 Lice Lifecycle 2. Adult lice must live on the host at all times 3. Adult lice lay eggs called nits that stick to host’s hair 4. Nit develops into an immature adult stage (nymph), then into an adult 1. Lice are passed to others by direct contact with an infested host

26. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 26 Lice Versus Mites Hog Louse Insect 6 legs Can be seen Scroptic Mange Mite Arachnids 8 legs Cannot be Seen

27. ACT - Ectoparasite Id and Lifecycles 27 Mites Not know if host specific Transmission to humans is by physical contact. Secondary infections from scratching Female burrows into skin, lays eggs, larvae migrate to the top and wanders around causing intense irritation of the skin

28. Common bedbugs  ( Cimex lectularius ) Are flattened, oval, reddish brown insects that inhabits houses, furniture, and neglected beds. They feed on man, usually at night, causing itchy bites.

29. Human fleas  ( Pulex irritans ) Are small, wingless, bloodsucking insects that act as vectors for the spread of such diseases as plague…

30. Flea Biology and Ecology Order: Siphonaptera Hind legs are adapted for jumping Adults are exclusively blood suckers (most are mobile, but some are attached) The “attached” species are like the ticks, they put their mouthparts in host and stays there for a while. Unfed adults live a long time, but they can’t really leave the area where they are so they just hang out waiting for a blood meal, and they are very active when looking. Somewhat host specific (not as host specific as lice), and it varies with species.

31. Life Cycle Holometabolous Egg  Larvae  Pupa  Adult 18 days to 20 months Eggs (3-18 at one time in several batches) Larvae need high humidity 9-15 days optimal (up to 200 days) Pupa 7 days to 1 year Adult Live up to 4 years.

32. History of the Black Death Named after the “bobos” that are produced. 1500-5000 cases each year. Originated in China Introduced to the U.S. at port cities, San Francisco. Occurs 4-5 times every 10-20 years. 200 million lives lost and counting… Minor disease in U.S. (N. Mex. 10-20 cases/year avg is 12)

33. Known and probable foci of plague. Plague is now largely focal in distribution. It spreads rapidly in conditions of war and other catastrophes, e.g. earthquakes. Epidemics still occur from time to time.

34. Source: Dennis DT. 1998. Plague as an emerging disease. Emerging Infections 2 . Scheld WM, Craig WA and Hughes JM, Eds. ASM Press, Washington DC.

35. Leeches Are any of the annelids from the class Hirudinea , especially Hirudo medicinalis . Some species are bloodsuckers and were once used to draw blood out of those who were ill.

36. Lice  ( singular  louse) Are grayish, wingless, and somewhat flattened parasetic insects that belong to the suborder Anoplura . They are usually found in crowded areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. Infestations are called pediculosis . Lice live on the blood of a host, obtained by piercing the skin and sucking the blood through their mouth parts. The area bitten becomes itchy and inflammed , and often infected from scratching. They are often vectors transmitting such diseases as typhus.

37. Those parasitic to humans are:Human body louse ( Pediculus humanus corporis ) lives on the body and clothes of man. Head louse ( Pediculus humanus capitis ) attaches itself to the hairs of the head, and are noted for causing endemic outbreaks in school children. Pubic or crab louse ( Phthirus pubis ) is often sexually transmitted. It resembles a miniature crab, and causes intense itching in the pubic area, but it can also infect the eyebrows, eyelashes, and beards.

38. Vector Biology All three types of lice: Are e ctoparasites : lice live on the surface of the host Move by crawling, as opposed to flying Have humans as their only host Have similar life cycles Head Lice Body Lice Pubic Lice

39. Mites Are arthropods belonging to the order Acarina . They differ from ticks in that they are minute and usually either transparent or semitransparent. They are sometimes called chiggers. Mites often burrow into the skin, causing intense itching resulting in inflammed areas of the skin. Mites live under four days outside the body

40. Biology (1) Dorso-ventrally flattened body. (2) Claws adapted to grasp the host (3) All lice are wingless (4) Hemimetabolous Life Cycle Egg  Nymph  Adult

41. Tooth amoebas  ( Entameba gingivalis ) Are microscopic parasites that hide in the tiny crevices where the teeth meet the gums. Brushing does not remove them because they change shape to conform to their hiding places. As a beneficial organism, they eat mouth bacteria and only become harmful when the lack of hygiene forces them to multiply too quickly.

42. Ticks Are blood-sucking arachnid parasites that are seen by the naked eye and act as vectors for certain bacteria known to cause disease in humans. They are the only venonous creature that hunts down humans. Others try to avoid them. There are two kinds of ticks: hard and soft; and each carries different diseases. Soft ticks do not burrow into the skin. Hard ticks do, and must be removed with care, keeping their heads intact. Dog ticks bring slow paralysis and even death to children.