Education and Social Stratification

A report in Foundation of Education as a partial requirement under the Master of Education Class major in Social Science at Guimaras State College, Guimaras, Iloilo, Philippines

1. Republic of the Philippines State Universities and Colleges Guimaras State College GRADUATE SCHOOL SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION IN EDUCATION EDUCATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION DEXTER R. TANALEON JOSE A. VILLASIS, Ph. D. Discussant Professor

2. Meaning of Education From the Latin term “ educare ” which means “to learn” . The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university "a new system of public education".

3. Meaning of Social Stratification The term stratification is derived from the geological concept of ‘strata’ which means “rock layers” created by natural processes. Stratification is a hierarchy of positions with regard to economic production which influences the social rewards to those in the positions.

4. Meaning of Social Stratification It is the classification of persons into groups based on shared socio-economic conditions. A relational set of inequalities with economic, social , political and ideological dimensions. It is a system by which society ranks categories of people in different strata.

5. Meaning of Stratification In sociology, social stratification is a concept involving the "classification of people into groups based on shared socio-economic conditions… a relational set of inequalities with economic, social, political and ideological dimensions." When differences lead to greater status, power or privilege for some groups over the other it is called Social Stratification.

6. Basic Principles of Social Stratification (1) Social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences; (2) Social stratification carries over from generation to generation; (3 ) Social stratification is universal but variable; (4) Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well.

7. According to Raymond W. Murray “Social Stratification is horizontal division of society into ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ social units.” Every society is divided into more or less distinct groups. Even the most primitive societies had some form of social stratification. Stratification describes the way in which different groups of people are placed within society.

8. The Categories of Social Stratification WEALTH AND INCOME

9. The Categories of Social Stratification SOCIAL CLASS

10. The Categories of Social Stratification GENDER

11. The basis how society is stratified: POLITICAL STATUS

12. The Categories of Social Stratification RACE AND ETHNICITY

13. The Categories of Social Stratification AGE

14. The Categories of Social Stratification RELIGION

15. The Categories of Social Stratification DISABILITY

16. Agents of Social Stratification FAMILY The family plays a significant role in the development of an individual. There are also factors that may affect a child which include the occupational status of his parents, the parents’ attitude towards their children’s schooling and the expectations they have for their children.

17. Agents of Social Stratification SCHOOL Social stratification within the school commonly known as streaming, refers to the division of school children into age groups according to ability and intelligence. The brightest children are made to form one class while those that follow in ability form another class. The children are divided into groups, purely according to the merit of the individual.

18. Agents of Social Stratification OCCUPATION In modern societies, roles have become more diverse and complex. Skills are learned through formal education systems and education has a lot to do with employment, the occupations one follows is mostly related to the skills and knowledge which one has acquired.

19. Causes of Social Stratification

20. INEQUALITY Inequality exists because of natural differences in people’s abilities .

21. CONFLICT Stratification occurs due to conflict between different classes, with the upper classes using superior power to take a larger share of the social resources.

22. POWER Power influences one’s definition of self and the importance of ideas in defining social situations

23. WEALTH Difference in the wealth is also one of the causes of social stratification .

24. INSTABILITY Instability in the society being the cause of social stratification enhances stability and induces members of the society to work hard .

25. Methods of Determining Class Division Subjective Method Personal ascription of the class one belongs to . Reputational Method Old-timers identify the social classes that exist in the community and to place each resident in one or another category. Objective Method Division according to income, occupation , education and type of residence .

26. Theories of Social Stratification Conflict Theory (Karl Marx) Stratification is the result of the struggle among people for scarce rewards and it persists in society because the “haves” are determined (exploiters) and equipped to preserve their advantage by dominating and exploiting the “have not” (exploited). Class conflict over material privilege and power; those who own the means of production (capitalists or bourgeoisie) and those who sell their labour (worker or proletariat). Viewed the nation or state as an instrument of oppression; religion as a method of diverting and controlling the masses; the family as a devise of keeping wealth and education in the hands of the few. People’s lives are centered on how they deal with the material world. The key issue is how wealth is distributed among the people.

27. Four ways in which wealth can be distributed: To each according to need. Basic economic needs of all of the people are satisfied. To each according to want. Wealth is distributed according to what people desire and request. To each according to what is earned. To each according to what can be taken- by using whatever means. Everyone ruthlessly attempts to acquire much wealth as possible without regard for the hardship that might be brought on others .

28. Conflict Theory (Max Weber) People are motivated by self-interest. Group conflict is a basic ingredient of society. Those who do not have property can defend their interests less well than those who have property. Economic institutions are of fundamental importance in shaping the rest of society. Those in power promote ideas and values that help them maintain their dominance. Only when exploitation becomes extremely obvious will the powerless their dominance .

29. Functionalist Theory (Kingly Davis and Wilbert Moore) If all the positions that have to be filled in a society were equally important and everyone were equally capable of doing their jobs, there would be no need of stratification. But this is not the case. Some tasks are clearly more necessary than others, and some require a great deal more talent and training. Social inequality is viewed as both necessary and constructive.

30. Similarities of Stratification Theories (Theodore D. Kemper) Both theories acknowledge that the evaluation of the contributions of jobs to society also determines unequal rewards. The Marxist theory leans heavily on the significance of power in the distribution of resources; while the functionalist emphasize the necessity of assigning some position or work higher status than others. Both theories recognize that social power plays a part in determining the unequal distribution of rewards.

31. Comparison of Stratification Theories FUNCTIONALIST VIEW CONFLICT THEORY Stratification may be universal without being necessary and inevitable The stratification system shapes social organizations (social system ) Stratification arises from group conquest, competition, and conflict Stratification impeded the optimal functioning of society and the individual Stratification is universal, necessary and inevitable Social organization (the social system) shapes the stratification system Stratification arises from the societal need for integration, coordination and cohesion Stratification facilitates the optimal functioning of society and the individual

32. FUNCTIONALIST VIEW Stratification is an expression of commonly shared social values Power is usually legitimately distributed in society Tasks and rewards are equitably allocated . The economic dimensions is subordinate to other dimensions of society Stratification systems generally change through evolutionary processes CONFLICT THEORY Stratification is an expression of the values of powerful groups Power is usually illegitimately distributed in society Tasks and rewards are inequitably allocated . The economic dimension is paramount in society Stratification systems often change through revolutionary process.

33. EDUCATION AND SOCIETY

34. Equality of Educational Opportunity Modern society views education as an important societal resource and a means of achieving the goal of egalitarianism. Education is looked upon as a means of raising the social status of an individual in various ways. It is accepted as a basic human need to have a desirable quality of life. Given equal opportunity for general, vocational, technical and professional education most citizens have equal status in the society.

35. Differential Standard of Educational Institutions Children from poor families receive education in substandard institutions which are not properly equipped with teachers, teaching aids and apparatus. Usually urban schools and colleges are of better standard than rural schools and colleges. Differences in the standard of educational institutions ultimately cause inequality in the standard of students.

36. Primary Education Primary education should seek to satisfy the basic needs of all people. There should not be any differentiation of curricula at this stage. Equality of educational opportunities at the primary stage requires provision of free and compulsory education for all children without any discrimination.

37. Secondary Education Individual differences among boys and girls are more prominent at the secondary stage diversified curricula should be introduced to cater to the needs, interests and capabilities of students.

38. Higher Professional Education At the stage of higher education and professional education emphasis should be placed on individual capacity or merit and maintenance of quality and standard.

39. Compensatory Education Disadvantaged children have an unstimulating environment. They attend primary schools without prerequisite learning which are necessary for successful completion of primary education.

40. Focus of Education Should be on equality of educational opportunities Focusing on different segments of society (rural areas, deprived classes , tribal races etc.) Study the ideology, structure and process of social inequality Development of equal system of education enriched with diversified course content to cater the needs of various groups and sections. Diversified methods of teaching Distance education Establishment of educational institutions in remote areas Global system of education Special provisions for education of deprived groups Promotion of multiculturalism in process of education.

41. Teacher’s Role in Society Teacher as an architect of our future generations Imparting knowledge Inculcation of values Make student to learn life skills Economic development Development of personality Development of good citizenship Development of scientific and humanistic attitude Creating awareness among society Social reforms Character formation Agent of social change

42. How people perceive it?

43. How Parents Assume It?

44. Conclusion: I t can be said that from the point of view of an educational system those who are already at the upper strata of the society are likely to gain more. They have higher achievement motivation and their environment helps them. If we wish to provide equality of educational opportunists we will have to keep this aspect in mind.

45. THANK YOU… Dexter R. Tanaleon Teacher I TAGSING-BUYO NHS