EEE Unit one presentation of sppu patter 2024

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1. ESC-101-ETC ‘Basic Electronics Engineering’ First Year Engineering (2024 Pattern)] UNIT-I Diodes and Applications Mrs.Sujata Jawale

2. ESC-101-ETC CO1: Know about the working of P-N Junction diode and its application as rectifier & switch, basics of LED & Photodiode. Comprehensive Continuous Evaluation (CCE) Sr No Parameters Marks Coverage of Units 1 Unit Test 12 Marks Units 1 & Unit 2 (6 Marks/Unit)

3. Teaching Methodology Detailing Lecture No. Topic Books Page No. 1. Evolution of Electronics, Current trends in Electronics, Impact of Electronics in Industry and Society. T1 Preface 2. Introduction to active and Passive components. P-type and N- type semiconductors, T1 1.1 3. P-N junction diode: construction and working in FB, RB, V-I characteristics, Diode as switch, T1 1.4 and 1.6 4. Half wave, Full wave Rectifiers. (with/ without analysis) T1 1.7,1.8, 1.9 5. Bridge rectifier (with/ without analysis) Numerical based on Performance Parameters T1 2.1, 2.2 6. Special purpose diodes : LED and Photo diode and their applications T1 3.1,3.4 T1: “Electronics Devices ” by Thomas L. Floyd, 9 th Edition, Pearson

4. Evolution of Electronics Introduction Definition: Electronics is a branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using electronic components, and with the behavior and movement of electrons in a conductor, semiconductor, vacuum, or gas. Importance: Electronics are integral to modern life, powering everything from communication devices to medical equipment, transportation, and entertainment. Overview: We will explore the key milestones in the evolution of electronics, from early inventions to cutting-edge technologies shaping the future.

5. Early Beginnings The Dawn of Electronics 1800s: Alessandro Volta invents the battery, providing the first source of continuous electric current. 1831: Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction, leading to the development of electric generators and transformers. 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone, revolutionizing communication.

6. 1904: simplest vacuum tube–the diode – was invented by John Ambrose Fleming. 1907: De Forest invented the triode by inserting a third electrode between cathode and anode. 1920s-1930s: Radios and early televisions use vacuum tubes, making electronic entertainment widely available. The Vacuum Tube Era Age of Vacuum Tubes

7. Vacuum Tubes

8. ENIAC 1947: The first electronic computer

9. ENIAC computer Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer , thousand t imes faster than electro-mechanical computer 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000 manual switches, and approximately 5,000,000 hand-soldered joints. C onsumed 150 kW Input was possible from an IBM card reader 100 kHz clock Several tubes burned out almost every day, leaving it non-functional about half the time.

10. The vacuum tube was a bulky and fragile device which consumed a significant power. 1947: Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain at Bell Labs invented the first transistor. The first transistor was a “point contact transistor.” The modern transistor is a junction transistor, and it is monolithic (in the same semiconductor piece). The first transistor

11. The bipolar transistor continues to be an important device both as a discrete device and as part of Integrated Circuits (IC). However, in digital circuits such as processors and memory, the MOS ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor ) field-effect transistor has surpassed the bipolar transistor because of the high integration density and low power consumption it offers. 1930: patent filed by Lilienfeld for field-effect transistor (FET). 1958: Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments) demonstrated the first integrated circuit (bipolar transistor, resistor, capacitor) fabricated on a single piece of germanium. The rest is history! Semiconductor technology

12. The Integrated Circuit 1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently develop the integrated circuit (IC), combining multiple transistors on a single chip. 1960s: Mass production of ICs begins, leading to widespread adoption in various electronic devices. Significance: ICs gave the way for modern computing by significantly reducing size and cost while increasing reliability and performance.

13. The Microprocessor Era Birth of the Microprocessor 1971: Intel introduces the 4004, the first microprocessor, which integrates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip. 1970s-1980s: Personal computers like the Apple II and IBM PC revolutionize society by making computing accessible to individuals and small businesses. Example: The microprocessor era leads to the development of software and applications that transform industries and daily life.

14. Rise of Digital Electronics 1990s: The Internet becomes mainstream, connecting the world and enabling new forms of communication and commerce. 2000s: Mobile phones evolve into smartphones, integrating computing power with communication capabilities. Current Trends: The Internet of Things (IoT), wearable technology, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning are driving innovation in electronics today.

15. Modern semiconductor technology silicon wafer

16. Modern semiconductor technology Diffusion furnace

17. Modern semiconductor technology

18. Modern semiconductor technology

19. What We expect? Qu. Write a short note on Evolution of Electronics? (4-6M) Definition, Importance key milestones in the evolution of electronics Vacuum tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits Microprocessors Digital Electronics Internet, Gadgets used Telephones, Mobile Phones etc

20. Current trends in Electronics Innovations Shaping the Future Internet of Things (IoT) Definition: Network of interconnected devices that communicate and share data. Applications: Smart homes, industrial automation, healthcare, and agriculture. Benefits: Improved efficiency, real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance.

21. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) AI : Simulation of human intelligence in machines. ML: A subset of AI where machines learn from data. Applications: Autonomous vehicles, voice assistants, predictive analytics, personalized recommendations. Impact: Transforming industries like healthcare, finance, retail, and manufacturing.

22. Wearable Technology Definition : Electronic devices worn on the body to monitor and enhance various activities. Popular Devices : Smartwatches, fitness trackers, smart clothing, AR glasses. Applications : Health monitoring, fitness tracking, augmented reality, personal safety. Future Prospects : Enhanced integration with health services, more accurate sensors, flexible and more comfortable designs.

23. 5G Technology Definition: The fifth generation of mobile network technology offering higher speeds, lower latency, and greater connectivity. Benefits: Enhanced mobile broadband, IoT device support, reliable low-latency communications. Applications: Smart cities, autonomous vehicles, remote healthcare, immersive media. Impact: Facilitates real-time data processing and communication, enabling new applications.

24. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) AR Definition: Overlaying digital information onto the real world. VR Definition: Immersive digital environments that simulate physical presence. Applications: Gaming, education, training, remote collaboration, retail. Impact: Changing how we interact with digital content and enhancing user experiences.

25. Advanced Sensor Technology Definition: Sensors with enhanced capabilities for detecting physical, chemical, and biological changes. Applications: Environmental monitoring, healthcare diagnostics, smart homes, industrial automation. Innovations: Development of miniaturized, low-power, and high-sensitivity sensors. Impact: Enabling precise and real-time data collection, leading to smarter and more responsive systems.

26. Energy Storage and Management Importance: Efficient energy storage and management are crucial for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. Trends: Development of high-capacity batteries, supercapacitors, and wireless charging technologies. Innovations: Solid-state batteries, fast-charging technologies, energy harvesting. Impact: Longer battery life, faster charging, and sustainable energy solutions.

27. Sustainable Electronics Definition: Design and manufacturing of electronic devices with minimal environmental impact. Trends: Use of eco-friendly materials, recyclable components, energy-efficient designs. Challenges: E-waste management, sustainable sourcing of raw materials. Initiatives: Circular economy approaches, green manufacturing practices

28. Qu. Explain the current trends in Electronics in detail? (4-6M) Internet of Things (IoT) Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) Wearable Technology 5G Technology Flexible and Wearable Electronics Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Advanced Sensor Technology Energy Storage and Management Sustainable Electronics

29. Impact of Electronics in industry and society. Impact on Industry & Society Automation: Use of robotics, automated assembly lines, and CNC machines. IoT in Manufacturing: Smart factories, predictive maintenance, and real-time monitoring. Healthcare: Improved diagnostics, remote monitoring, personalized treatment. Communication: Enhanced connectivity, global collaboration, real-time data sharing. Economy: Growth of tech-driven industries, job creation, innovation ecosystem. Quality of Life: Smart homes, wearable health tech, autonomous vehicles. Transforming Transportation : Electric vehicles (EVs) autonomous vehicles, Smart ticketing systems, real-time tracking, Electronics in Agriculture: Use of drones, sensors, and GPS technology for crop monitoring and management.

30. Active and passive components An electronic component that provides power to a circuit is called an active component . An electronic component that can only absorb, dissipate, or store energy in a magnetic or electric field is referred to as a passive component.

31. Active and passive components BJT, JFET,MOSFET

32. Difference between active & Passive components 1. An external power is required to start basic operation of an active device where no extra power is used for passive device . 2. Active devices inject power to the circuit, whereas passive devices are incapable of supplying any energy. 3. Active devices are capable of providing power gain, and passive devices are incapable of providing power gain. 4. Active devices can control the current (energy) flow within the circuit, whereas passive device cannot control it.

33. Introduction to semiconductor physics parameter Conductor Semi conductor insulator No. of valance electrons 3 or less than 3 4 5 or more than 5 conductivity high medium negligible Semi Conductor Types Intrinsic Extrinsic P type N type

34. Semi-conductor types

35. N type semi-conductor Pentavalent (Donor) impurity Arsenic (As) Phosphorus (P) Antimony(Sb) Bismuth(Bi)

36. P type semi-conductor Trivalent (Acceptor) impurity Boron (B) Indium (In) Gallium( Ga )

37. P-N Junction (Diode)

38. Diode Working Forward Bias Reverse Bias

39. Voltage Current Characteristic

40. Currents in a P-N junction

41. Forward and reverse currents Ideal Diode Equation Where, I D and V D are the diode current and voltage, respectively q is the charge on the electron n is the ideality factor: n = 1 for indirect semiconductors (Si, Ge , etc.) n = 2 for direct semiconductors ( GaAs , InP , etc.) k is Boltzmann’s constant T is temperature in Kelvin kT /q is also known as V th , the thermal voltage. At 300K (room temperature), kT /q = 25.9mV

42. Diode as a Switch

43. Diode as Rectifier It is a circuit which converts AC into pulsating DC

44. Half Wave Rectifier

45. Center Tapped –Full Wave Rectifier

46. Bridge Rectifier

47. Comparison of HWR and FWR

48. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

49. LED Working When LED is forward biased, the electrons from the n-type material cross the p-n junction and recombine with holes in the p-type material. These free electrons are in the conduction band and at a higher energy level than the holes in the valence band. When recombination takes place, the recombining electrons release energy in the form of heat and light. In germanium and silicon diodes, almost the entire energy is given up in the form of heat and emitted light is insignificant. However, in materials like gallium arsenide, the number of photons of light energy is sufficient to produce quite intense visible light. The forward voltage ratings of most LEDs is from 1V to 3V and forward current ratings range from 20 mA to 100 Ma. In order that current through the LED does not exceed the safe value, a resistor Rs is connected in series with it.

50. LED Working

51. Photo Diode

52. Photo Diode Characteristics

53. Key Points Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction At low temperatures semiconductors act like insulators At higher temperatures they begin to conduct Doping of semiconductors leads to the production of p- type and n -type materials A junction between p- type and n -type semiconductors has the properties of a diode Silicon semiconductor diodes approximate the behavior of ideal diodes but have a conduction voltage of about 0.7 V There are also a wide range of special purpose diodes

54. List of Laboratory Experiments 1. Study of Active and Passive components Resistors (Fixed &Variable), Calculation of resistor value using color code. Capacitors (Fixed &Variable) Inductors, Calculation of inductor value using color code. Devices such as Diode, BJT, MOSFET, various IC packages Switches & Relays 2. V-I characteristics of P-N Junction Diode (Study the datasheet of typical PN junction diode) 3. Rectifier circuits: Implement DC Regulated Power Supply using bridge rectifier & diodes.