EEG Signals and Emotion Extraction Using Brainwaves.pptx

Extraction Using Brainwaves

1. Studying EEG Signals and Early Epilepsy Detection BE Internship Head: Rashid Sarang (D18) TE Internship Lead: Gautam Singh (D14A) SE Project Members: Ananya Dubey (D11EC) Akshay Nambiar (D8) Nidhi Bamhane (D9A) Pratyush Tripathi (D9A) Anushka Dhar (D9A) Raunak Pandey (D9B)

2. Table of Contents Sr.No. Title Slide No. 1. What is EEG? 3 2. Advantages of EEG 4 3 Action Potential and Resting State 5 4 Voltage-Gated Channels and Conduction 6 5 Types of Brainwaves : Delta,Theta,Alpha,Beta & Gamma Waves 7-12 6 What is Epilepsy? 13 7 Types of Epilepsy 14 8 Epilepsy Detection 15 9 Components Overview 16 10 The Role of Neurons in Epileptic Seizures 17 11 Conclusion 18

3. What is EEG? EEG ( E lectro e ncephalo g ram) records brain's electrical activity via electrodes. Measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic neuronal currents. Analyzes brainwave types: delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma. Widely used for diagnosing epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. Supports advanced applications like brain-computer interfaces and neuroscience.

4. Advantages of EEG High temporal resolution: Captures brain activity changes in milliseconds. Non-invasive: Safe and painless, requiring no surgical procedures. Cost-effective: Cheaper than many other brain imaging techniques. Portable setups: Allows for flexible use in various environments. Direct measurement: Records real-time neuronal electrical activity. Wide clinical applications: Useful for epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain monitoring.

5. Action Potential and Resting State Action potential transmits signals through neurons. Na+ is higher outside, K+ inside the cell. Resting potential is about -65 mV. Ion channels cause graded potentials across membrane. Sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to maintain gradients. Action potential triggered at - 5 5 mV threshold.

6. Voltage-Gated Channels and Conduction Voltage-gated sodium channels: open, closed, inactivated. Depolarization triggers action potential, followed by repolarization. Absolute refractory period prevents new action potentials. Myelin sheaths speed up signal conduction. Action potentials jump between Nodes of Ranvier. Stimuli above threshold trigger action potentials.

7. Types of Brainwaves Brainwaves are categorized based on their frequency ranges: • Delta Waves: 1-4 Hz • Theta Waves: 4-8 Hz • Alpha Waves: 8-13 Hz • Beta Waves: 13-30 Hz • Gamma Waves: >30 Hz Each type is associated with different states of mind and emotions.

8. Delta Waves (1-4 Hz) Characteristics: • Slowest brain waves . Associated with: • Deep sleep and unconscious states. Significance: • Essential for restorative sleep and healing processes.

9. Theta Waves (4-8 Hz) Characteristics: • Slow brain waves . Associated with: • Creativity, daydreaming, light sleep. Significance: • Linked to deep emotions and meditation.

10. Alpha Waves (8-13 Hz) Characteristics: • Moderate-frequency brainwaves. Associated with : • Relaxation and calmness while alert. Significance: • Reflects a balanced mental state.

11. Beta Waves (13-30 Hz) Characteristics: • Fast brainwaves. Associated with: • Active thinking, problem-solving, focused attention. Significance: • Indicates active engagement and cognitive processing.

12. Gamma Waves (>30 Hz) Characteristics: • Fastest brainwaves. Associated with: • High-level cognition, peak focus, memory processing. Significance: • Linked to learning and problem-solving at advanced levels.

13. What is Epilepsy? A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Caused by:- 1. Genetic Factors 2. Brain Injuries 3. Neurological Disorders 4. Developmental Issues, Infections, Metabolic Imbalances

14. Types of Epilepsy Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) Originates in the temporal lobe (memory and emotions). Symptoms: Auras (déjà vu, strange smells), loss of awareness, repetitive movements (lip-smacking). Seizures last 1–2 minutes , with confusion post-seizure. EEG shows spike-and-wave discharges in the temporal region. Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (FLE) Originates in the frontal lobe (decision-making, motor control). Symptoms: Sudden jerks, vocalizations, clustered seizures (often during sleep). Seizures are brief (a few seconds) with rapid recovery. EEG shows sharp bursts in the frontal region.

15. Epilepsy Detection Record Brain Activity : EEG measures electrical signals from neurons. Identify Abnormal Patterns : Detect spikes and sharp waveforms. Monitor During Seizures : Capture real-time seizure brainwave activity. Localize Affected Area : Pinpoint brain regions causing seizures. Analyze Waveforms : Study frequency, amplitude, and rhythmic discharges. Continuous Monitoring : Portable EEG devices enable long-term observation.

16. Components Overview The system for EEG-based Epilepsy Detection involves multiple critical components: BioAmp EXG Pill – Signal amplification and noise filtering. EEG Headband – Electrode placement for capturing EEG signals. BioAmp Shield – Additional signal processing. Electrode Gel & NU Prep Gel – Enhancing signal quality.

17. The Role of Neurons in Epileptic Seizures Neurons communicate through electrical impulses (action potentials). Abnormal neuron firing leads to epileptic seizures. Excessive bursts of electrical activity disrupt brain function. Seizures occur due to brain region dysfunction. Causes include structural changes and chemical imbalances. Abnormal activity often begins in temporal or frontal lobes.

18. Conclusion EEG is a vital tool for diagnosing epilepsy. It captures abnormal brainwave patterns linked to seizures. Provides real-time insights into brain activity dynamics. Non-invasive, cost-effective, and widely accessible technique.

19. References Neuron action Neuron firing Frontal lobe Electrode Interface Research Papers: -Analysis of brain waves according to their frequency -Emotions Recognition Using EEG Signals: A Survey -Analysis of EEG and its categorization -A Survey on Signal Processing Methods for EEG-based Brain Computer Interface Systems