Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system

This is a lecture on the effect of exercise on cardiovascular system

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم RAAED F. KHALEEL Master Physiotherapy , College of Health and Medical technology , Middle Technical University -IRAQ

2. The Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular System

3. By the end of this presentation we should be able to : Describe The cardiovascular system ( definition , anatomy, what is composed of and its function ). Explain what is the effect of exercises on cardiovascular system . What types of exercises that effects on cardiovascular system.

4. The cardiovascular system The   cardiovascular system or the circulatory system , its an organic system that permits  blood to circulate and transport nutrients(such as amino acid ,electrolytes) , carbon dioxide , oxygen, hormone and blood cell to and from the cell in the body,and also to assist in fighting disease, regulate body temperature and PH. The cardiovascular system consists of continuous linkage of a pump , a high pressure distribution circuit , exchange vessels and low pressure collection and return circuit .

5. The cardiovascular system is comprised of :- the heart the arterial system . It includes arteries , veins, and capillaries . blood Pulmonary and circulatory system

6. The heart The Heart is a muscular pump, situated in the mid center of the chest cavity .It is divided into two halves by a central partition called the septum. Each half is then divided by valves into an atrium and a ventricle . The hollow chambers on the right side of the heart perform two crucial function receive blood returning from throughout the body. Pump blood to the lungs from aeration through the pulmonary circulation .

7. The arterial system the left side of the heart performs two crucial function :- Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs . Pump blood into thick walled muscular aorta for distribution throughout the body in the systemic circulation . the arteries compose the high pressure tubing that propels oxygen rich blood to the tissue . There are three types of blood vessels: arteries : which transport blood away from the heart; Veins : which transport blood toward the heart; Capillaries: which connect the arteries and veins, are the smallest of the blood vessels and where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.

8. Blood Red/White blood cells, platelets, plasma Pulmonary circuits Carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back again . Carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back again . Systemic circuits

9. The Functions of Cardiovascular System Transport oxygen and nutrition to different parts of the body and remove waste like carbon dioxide from the body . The body is affected by changes of temperature, so cardiovascular system Control the body temperature regulating and keeping it in an acceptable range The cardiovascular system help the body to fight disease through the blood cell (W.B.C., Antibodies ) and also platelets which help the blood to clot in acute injuries and prevent the germs entering . so its work as a protection to the body .

10. Cardiovascular system and the influence of exercises on it The effects of exercise on cardiovascular system can be determined it by :- The effect on heart size, The effect on plasma volume , The effect on stroke volume, The effect on heart rate , The effect on cardiac output , The effect on oxygen extraction , The effect on blood flow and distribution , The effect on blood pressure .

11. Heart size Aerobic exercises usually enlarges the heart by increasing left ventricle cavity size and thickening of its walls .cardiac enlargement of this type called eccentric hypertrophy. Also  Endurance training is associated with an increased cardiac output and volume load on the left and right ventricles, causing the endurance-trained heart to generate a mild to moderate dilatation of the left ventricle combined with a mild to moderate increase in left ventricular wall thickness . 

12. Plasma volume The volume of plasma will be increase up to20% occur with in few training session . This adaptation enhances circulation and thermoregulatory dynamics and facilitates oxygen during exercise to deliver . The plasma volume is rapidly increase with aerobic training also contributes to training induced eccentric hypertrophy

13. Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction .   Although stroke volume can refer to either left or right side of the heart, it is most associated with the left side.  It is measured in ml/beat and generally has a normal value of about 1 cc/kg. long term   aerobic exercise training may also increase stroke volume, which frequently results in a lower (resting) heart rate. Reduced heart rate prolongs ventricular diastole  (filling), increasing end-diastolic volume, and ultimately permitting more blood to be ejected. At rest: approximately 80 ml During exercise: up to 130 ml

14. Heart rate its the speed of the  heart beat measured by the number of contractions of the heart per unit of  time typically beats per minute  ( b /pm). The typical human resting heart rates from 60–100 bpm for children at 10 years and older, and adult (including seniors). Before exercise even begins heart rate increases in anticipation. This is known as the anticipatory response. It is mediated through the releases of a neurotransmitters called as adrenaline and noradrenaline. heart rate increases in direct proportion to exercise intensity until a maximum heart rate is reached.

15. Cardiac output:   The amount of blood pumps by the heart per time through the circulatory system. it also refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle that supplies blood to the muscles and organs of the body. Cardiac output is made up of two components, heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).  To measure cardiac output we can use this formula Cardiac output= stroke volume X heart rate Cardiac output during exercise increases greatly owing to the relatively high heart rates that are achieved during exercise. 

16. Oxygen Extraction at the resting conditions period the oxygen content of blood varies from about 20ml of oxygen per 100ml of arterial  blood to 14ml of oxygen per 100ml of venous blood . The difference in oxygen content of arterial and venous blood is known as a-vO2 difference. When exercise intensity increase the a-vO2 difference increase also and at maximal exertion the difference between arterial and venous blood oxygen concentration can be three times that at a resting level. aerobic training significantly increase the quantity of oxygen extracted from atrial blood during exercise .

17. Blood flow and distribution Aerobic training causes large increase in muscle blood flow during maximal exercise owing to : Improvement in maximal cardiac output . Redistribution of blood from non active area that temporarily compromise blood flow all out effort. with in the trained muscle tissue capillarization will increased .

18. Blood pressure The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessel is refers to a blood pressure. It is the force that keeps blood circulating and its generated by the contractions of the left ventricle . At rest, a typical  systolic  blood pressure in a healthy individual ranges from 110-140mmHg and 60-90mmHg for  diastolic  blood pressure. During exercise systolic pressure, the pressure during contraction of the heart can increase to over 200mmHg and levels as high as 250mmHg have been reported in highly trained, healthy athletes 

19. Exercise that effect on cardiovascular system Aerobic Training The basic principles of aerobic training are dependent on intensity, duration , frequency, and specificity of the exercise . Intensity of exercise is defined as the intensity of the exercise performed or the physiological response of the individual . Often intensity of exercise can be set at 80–85% of the maximum HR determined on a baseline exercise tolerance test (ETT). "Aerobic" means that oxygen is required to produce energy in the body. this term is used to describe exercises that increase cardiopulmonary capacity .

20. Duration of exercise is usually 20–30 minutes, excluding a 5- to 10- minute warm-up and a similar cooling down period after exercising. Frequency of training is defined as the number of exercise periods in a given time, usually expressed in sessions per week . Specificity of exercise refers to the types of activities that are performed. This principle dictates that the types of activities and muscle groups targeted in exercise should be based on the needs of the individual in vocational and recreational activities.

21. Some of Aerobic Exercise that provide maximum cardiovascular benefit include walking, jogging , swimming, bicycling.

22. References ,, McArdle , William D.; Katch , Frank I.; Katch , Victor L . Essential of exercise physiology second edition.2000. William D. McArdle , Frank I. Katch , Victor L. Katch ,Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance,, seventh edition , 2010 . Ruth Hull, Greta Couldridge , Vicki Slegg , Anatomy and Physiology for Therapists and Healthcare Professionals,   2009. Grant Cooper, Nancy E. Essential Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2006. www.cheetah-medical.com/content/introduction-stroke-volume   Target Heart Rates – AHA .  Target Heart Rates. American Heart Association. 4 Apr 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014 . www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/cardiovascular-system-and-exercise.html Evans DL . Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise and training . Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract . 1985 Dec;1(3): 513-31 C. Mihl , W.R.M. Dassen , and H. Kuipers Cardiac remodelling : concentric versus eccentric hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes, Neth Heart J. 2008 Apr; 16(4): 129–133.

23. Thank You