Effects of Abnormal Level of Hormones.pptx

Effects of Abnormal level of hormones such as gonadal hormones, aldosterone, serotonin, thyroid hormone etc

1. Effects of abnormal level of: Presented By: Abdulwassay Ahmad khursheed Gonadal hormones Aldosterone Rennin-angiotensin Thyroid hormone Cortisol Serotonin

2. Gonadal Hormones Gonadal Hormones consists of: Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Gonadal Hormones are produced by male and female gonads and perform function of Reproduction and Development of secondary sex characteristics in males and females.

3. 1. Testosterone Testosterone is the main male sex hormone. Both males and females have testosterone, but males naturally have higher testosterone levels.  Testosterone production occurs in the testes in males and ovaries in females. A small amount of Testosterone is also produced by adrenal glands in both genders. In males between the ages of 19 and 39 range between 300 and 1000 ng/ dL .  Females usually have lower testosterone levels than males. Healthy testosterone levels in females range from 9-55 ng/ dL .

4. Causes of high levels of Testosterones Puberty Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Hyperthyroidism Tumors Steroid Abuse Adrenal Hyperplasia Certain Medications

5. Effects of High levels of Testosterone Acne and Facial hair Deep voice Male pattern baldness Increased muscle mass Decreased breast tis ssue Aggressive behavior Low Sperm count Heart problems (Polycythemia) Insomnia Prostate enlargement which may cause difficulty passing urine, it can also cause prostate cancer.

6. Causes of low levels of Testosterones Congenital Testicular agenesis Klinefelter‘s Syndrome (47XXY) Untreated Cryptorchidism Kallman’s syndrome Acquired Bilateral Orchitis ( inflammation of testes ) Irradiation Cytotoxic drugs

7. Effects of Low levels of Testosterone Decreased Libido Loss of Muscle Mass and Strength Increased Body Fat Depression Gynecomastia Fatigue and Decreased Energy Levels Decreased sperm count Decreased Bone Density Reduced Cognitive (Higher level brain) Function Erectile Dysfunction Irregular Menstrual Cycles

8. 2. Estrogen: Estrogen is a steroid hormone associated with the female reproductive organs and is responsible for developing female sexual characteristics In women primary site of production are ovaries In men estrogen is produced By aromatization of testosterone by aromatase which is found in various tissues throughout the body, including adipose tissue, the brain, bone, and skin. Additionally, small amounts of estrogen are produced directly by the testes in men 30 to 400 pg/mL for premenopausal women, 0 to 30 pg/mL for postmenopausal women, 10 to 50 pg/mL for men

9. Causes of Low levels of estrogen Primary ovarian insufficiency Age Eating disorders   Genetic conditions Autoimmune diseases Treatments impacting your ovaries Hypothalamic amenorrhea

10. Effects of Low levels of estrogen Dry skin. Tender breasts. Weak or brittle bones. Trouble concentrating. Moodiness and irritability. Vaginal dryness or atrophy. Hot flashes and night sweats. Irregular periods or no periods (amenorrhea). Weight gain, especially in your belly. Headaches before or during your period. Decreased sex drive. Feeling fatigued and having trouble sleeping (insomnia).

11. Causes of High levels of estrogen Medications Body fat  Stress Alcohol Liver problems Synthetic xenoestrogens

12. Effects of high levels of estrogen Infertility. Erectile dysfunction A condition called gynecomastia, where the breasts become enlarged Irregular Menstrual cycle (unpredictable timing, light or heavy bleeding) Dense breast tissue

13. Cont. High estrogen levels are associated with a variety of conditions. Estrogen doesn’t necessarily cause these conditions. Instead, estrogen may worsen a condition or symptom you already have, including: Breast cancer Ovarian cancer Endometriosis pain. Insulin resistance Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) Uterine cancer (endometrial cancer). Tumors on your ovaries and adrenal glands.

14. 3. Progestrone Progesterone is an endogenous steroid hormone that is commonly produced by the the gonads , as well as the adrenal cortex. It prepares endometrium for conception and supports pregnancy. 0.1 to 0.7 ng/mL in the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle, 2 to 25 ng/mL in the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle, 10 to 44 ng/mL during the first trimester of pregnancy, 19.5 to 82.5 ng/mL during the second trimester of pregnancy.

15. Causes of low level of Progesterone Anovulation Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) High stress   Hypothyroidism Hyperprolactinemia Low cholesterol Perimenopause Over - exercising or extreme dieting

16. Effects of low level of Progesterone Irregular menstrual periods Headaches Difficulty conceiving Mood changes, anxiety or depression. Trouble sleeping Hot flashes Bloating or weight gain Some symptoms of low progesterone in pregnant Women are: Spotting (light vaginal bleeding) Low blood sugar Breast tenderness. Fatigue Miscarriage

17. Causes of High level of Progesterone Hormone Replacement Hormone Contraceptives Pregnancy Ovarian Cysts Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

18. Effects of high levels of Progesterone Headache Nausea or vomiting Diarrhea or constipation Fatigue Breast tenderness Muscle or joint pain Mood swings Vaginal discharge Molar Pregnancy Another condition associated with high progesterone is a molar pregnancy. This happens when the embryo doesn't form correctly and the placenta grows into a noncancerous tumor.

19. Aldosterone Main function of aldosterone is to increase in retaining water and Sodium and excrete Potassium from body. The levels of aldosterone varies depending on the time of day, physical activity, body position change, and others, the negative and positive predictive values of one random aldosterone level are limited but a normal and well hydrated individual has average 3 – 25 micrograms per 24 hours (mcg/24 hrs ).

20. Causes of high levels of Aldosterone Having higher-than-normal aldosterone levels is usually considered  hyperaldosteronism . The main cause of hyperaldosteronism is  primary aldosteronism , also known as Conn’s syndrome . This condition is usually caused by a benign (noncancerous) tumor  on one of your adrenal glands , which causes the gland to overproduce aldosterone.

21. Effects of high levels of Aldosterone High aldosterone levels cause elevated sodium levels ( hypernatremia ) and low potassium levels ( hypokalemia ), often resulting in an electrolyte imbalance High blood pressure  (hypertension) Headache Muscle weakness , especially if potassium levels are very low Extreme thirst and  frequent urination

22. Causes of low levels of Aldosterone Addison’s disease : This rare condition, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks the outer portion of your adrenal glands (the cortex), where aldosterone and the hormone cortisol are made. This results in low levels of both aldosterone and cortisol. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) : CAH describes a group of genetic disorders affecting your adrenal glands. People with CAH are born with deficiencies of certain enzymes that are necessary for the production of hormones your adrenal glands make. Certain health conditions : People with diabetes, kidney disease, lead poisoning or severe illness can develop hypoaldosteronism . Certain medications : Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), heparin or medications used to treat heart failure can cause hypoaldosteronism .

23. Effects of low levels of Aldosterone Low blood pressure(hypotension) Muscle weakness Nausea Heart palpitations Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)

24. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) When your blood pressure falls, your kidneys release the enzyme renin into your bloodstream. Renin splits angiotensinogen , a protein your liver makes and releases, into pieces. One piece is the hormone angiotensin I. Angiotensin I, which is inactive (doesn’t cause any effects), flows through your bloodstream and is split into pieces by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in your lungs and kidneys. One of those pieces is angiotensin II , an active hormone.

25. Cont. Angiotensin II causes the muscular walls of small arteries (arterioles) to constrict (narrow), which increases blood pressure. Angiotensin II also triggers your adrenal glands to release aldosterone and your pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin). Together, aldosterone and ADH cause your kidneys to retain sodium. Aldosterone also causes your kidneys to release (excrete) potassium through your urine. The increase in sodium in your bloodstream causes water retention. This increases blood volume and blood pressure, thus completing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system .

26. Effects of high levels of Renin-Angiotensin High Blood Pressure Cardiovascular disease Congestive heart failure Stroke Vascular diseases Kidney failure Metabolic disease Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Edema

27. Effect of abnormal level of thyroid hormones

28. Overview The endocrine system is a complex network of glands that produce hormones that regulate many important bodily functions. When these hormones are out of balance, it can lead to various health problems. So, in this lecture we will discuss the effect of abnormal levels of different hormones Including: Thyroid Hormones Cortisol Serotonin Gonadal Hormones Aldosterone Rennin-angiotensin system Abnormal levels of various hormones in the body can significantly affect physiological functions.

29. Effect of abnormal level of thyroid hormones Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) The thyroid gland is a vital endocrine (hormone-producing) gland. It plays a major role in chemical reactions in the body (our metabolism), as well as our growth and development. The thyroid gland's main function is to produce thyroid hormones, which regulate your metabolism The two main hormones your thyroid releases — thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) — collectively make up thyroid hormone. These hormones (T3, T4) regulate metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.

30. Abnormal level of these hormones causes. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism (High Level): Hyperthyroidism, also known as an overactive thyroid, is a condition that occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. This can cause your metabolism to speed up, leading to several symptoms that can affect your entire body. Unintended weight loss, even though you may be eating more Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) or irregular heartbeat Fatigue and muscle weakness Skin that feels warm and moist

31. Causes. Thyroid hyperplasia (Grave Diseases) Hyperfunctional multinodular goiter Hyperfunctional thyroid adenoma Other causes include, Excessive iodine intake. Pregnancy and medication containing thyroid hormones.

32. Graves Diseases. Most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disease. It occurs when autoantibodies (Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobins) are directed against the TSH receptor and mimic action of TSH leads to T3 and T4 release. It also leads to goiter. Graves Ophthalmopathy It is associated with grave diseases when the immune system attacks orbital preadipocyte fibroblast resembles TSHR causing eye protrusion.

33. Effects of hyperthyroidism C.V.S Tachycardia Increase cardiac output Hypertension G.I.T Hypermotility and malabsorption Diarrhea Body weight Loss of body weight and muscle weakness. Increase sweating Increase rate of respiration

34. Hypothyroidism (Low Level) Hypothyroidism, also known as an underactive thyroid, is a condition that occurs when your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. This can slow down your metabolism, leading to several symptoms that can affect your entire body. Fatigue: This is the most common symptom of hypothyroidism. Weight gain: Even though you may not be eating more, you may gain weight because your metabolism has slowed down. Sensitivity to cold: People with hypothyroidism often feel cold, even in warm weather. Muscle aches and weakness: Hypothyroidism can cause muscle aches, weakness, and stiffness.

35. Causes. Causes include primary and secondary Hypothyroidism. Primary Hypothyroidism. Primary hypothyroidism vast majority of cases worldwide. It includes Autoimmune thyroiditis ( Hashimoto thyroiditis). Dietary Iodine deficiency. Genetic mutation (PAX8, FOXE1, TSH receptor mutation). Thyroid surgery. Drugs (lithium, iodides, sulfonylureas). Secondary Hypothyroidism. It is caused by TSH deficiency (pituitary failure) and TRH deficiency (Hypothalamic failure).

36. Cortisol Cortisol is a steroid hormone, also referred to as the "stress hormone", that is produced in the adrenal glands. It plays a critical role in the body's stress response, helping to regulate a variety of essential functions including Metabolism, Immune response, Blood pressure regulation, Brain Function Its level is controlled by Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the pituitary gland. High levels of ACTH detected in the adrenal gland stimulate the secretion of cortisol. As a result level of ACTH level drops resulting in a drop in cortisol level.

37. High cortisol (chronic stress): This can lead to weight gain, high blood pressure, anxiety, depression, and difficulty sleeping. Cushing Syndrome Too much cortisol over a prolonged time leads to a condition called Cushing Syndrome. Causes include: Administration of exogenous glucocorticoids. Primary hypothalamic-pituitary disorder. Adrenal adenoma or carcinoma. Primary ACTH hypersecretion accounts for 70% with women (4:1) ratio. Ectopic ACTH secretion accounts for 10%. Primary adrenal neoplasm for 10% and carcinoma in 5% cases.

38. Addison Diseases Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone. It is an autoimmune disease associated with the destruction of 90% of the adrenal cortex. Other causes include tuberculosis, fungal infection, and HIV. Secondary causes include hypothalamic and pituitary (tumor, infarction, infection) disorders leading to diminished ACTH production. Clinical symptoms Clinical symptoms include: Weakness, fatigue. , Anorexia Hyperkalemia, hypotension due to adrenaline insufficiency. Darkening of skin. Low blood sugar. Weight loss and decreased appetite.

39. Serotonin Serotonin, often called the "feel-good" chemical, is a complex molecule that acts as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone in the human body. It's produced in the intestines and central nervous system and plays a role in a wide range of bodily functions It plays an important role in the body influencing learning, happiness, mood, and memory. Low and high serotonin levels can cause physical and psychological changes in the body.

40. Causes Low serotonin levels. Genetic causes Inadequate intake of tryptophan. Medical conditions( anxiety, depression, insomnia ) Certain medications like antidepressants, antipsychotics, etc. Effects Mood disorder, sleep disturbance, appetite changes, constipation, and impaired learning, memory, and decision-making.

41. High serotonin level Excessive accumulation of serotonin in the body creates the symptoms of serotonin syndrome. Certain medication increases serotonin levels; SSRI and SNRI Tricyclic antidepressant MAOI (Antidepression) Symptoms Insomnia, restlessness, HBP, rapid heart rate, Diarrhea, excess sweating, etc.