Effects of drugs on human beings

Drug presentation South Sudan perspective

1. Effects of Drugs on Human Effects of Drugs on Human
BeingsBeings
Presented To: Presented To:
Diocesan Counseling Centre (DCC)Diocesan Counseling Centre (DCC)
Catholic Diocese of Yei Catholic Diocese of Yei
Presented By: Presented By:
Bilazio Angotowa Diaz AD HSMBilazio Angotowa Diaz AD HSM
Health Officer Health Officer
The Rescue Initiative – South Sudan (TRI-SS)The Rescue Initiative – South Sudan (TRI-SS)

2. Outline of the Presentation:
At the end of the presentation, participants
will:
Know difference between drug and
medicine
Know types of drugs
Know commonly abused drugs in this
community
Know their effects on human beings and
on our communities
Know how to prevent drugs abuse

3. WHAT ARE DRUGS?WHAT ARE DRUGS?
Drugs are Drugs are CHEMICALCHEMICAL substancessubstances that affect that affect
both your mind and your body. both your mind and your body.
The prolong use of drug may lead to The prolong use of drug may lead to PYSICALPYSICAL
and/or and/or PYSCHOLOGICALPYSCHOLOGICAL dependence. dependence.
An overdose of any drug may lead to An overdose of any drug may lead to DEADDEAD

4. WHAT ARE MEDICINES?WHAT ARE MEDICINES?
Medicine is any substance or substances used in Medicine is any substance or substances used in
treating diseases or illnessestreating diseases or illnesses
Medicine is also the science of restoring and Medicine is also the science of restoring and
preserving health or due physical condition, as by preserving health or due physical condition, as by
means of giving medicines, surgical operations means of giving medicines, surgical operations
etc.etc.

5. Drug Abuse/Substance abuse
Drug abuse, also known as substance abuse,
is use of a drug in amounts or methods which
are harmful to the user.

6. PRESCRIPTION DRUG PRESCRIPTION DRUG
ABUSEABUSE
¨Prescription drug abuse is using Prescription drug abuse is using
prescription medication in a way that isn’t prescription medication in a way that isn’t
prescribed by a health care practitioner. prescribed by a health care practitioner.

7. Drug Addiction/DependenceDrug Addiction/Dependence
Is the body’s physical need to a specific agent. Is the body’s physical need to a specific agent.
Over the long term, this dependence results in Over the long term, this dependence results in
physical harm and behavior problems which physical harm and behavior problems which
causes cross tolerance; and it creates vicious causes cross tolerance; and it creates vicious
cycle: cycle:
Drugs
Drugs Abuse
Drugs
Addiction

8. We Need to Keep Our Eyes onWe Need to Keep Our Eyes on
the Real Targetthe Real Target
A
bstinence
Functionality in
Family,
Workplace
and Community
Treatment of Addiction…Treatment of Addiction…
Help people achieve abstinence and become full
participants in society.
Ancillary support services
Pharmacological treatments connect people back to
social and employment services

9. Types of drugsTypes of drugs
1. Stimulants 1. Stimulants
Speed up the brain and central nervous Speed up the brain and central nervous
system. Examples are caffeine system. Examples are caffeine
(coffee, tea) nicotine (cigarettes).(coffee, tea) nicotine (cigarettes).

10. Types of drugsTypes of drugs
2. 2. Depressants Depressants
Slow down the brain and central Slow down the brain and central
nervous system. Examples are nervous system. Examples are
alcohol, beer, wine, vodka, gin, alcohol, beer, wine, vodka, gin,
sleeping pills etc.sleeping pills etc.

11. Types of drugsTypes of drugs
3. 3. HallucinogensHallucinogens
These drugs alter the user’s state of These drugs alter the user’s state of
consciousness. (Distort auditory and consciousness. (Distort auditory and
visual sensations) Examples are magic visual sensations) Examples are magic
mushrooms, marijuana and opium etc.mushrooms, marijuana and opium etc.

12. ALCOHOLALCOHOL
Alcohol is a drink such as beer, wine
vodka, gin, waragi etc., which contains a
substance that can make you drunk.

13. History of AlcoholHistory of Alcohol
Alcoholic beverages in the Alcoholic beverages in the
Indus valley civilizationIndus valley civilization. .
These beverages were in use These beverages were in use
between 3000 BC - 2000 BC. between 3000 BC - 2000 BC.
SuraSura, a beverage brewed from , a beverage brewed from
rice meal, wheat, sugar cane, rice meal, wheat, sugar cane,
grapes, and other fruits, was grapes, and other fruits, was
popular among the warriors and popular among the warriors and
the peasant population.the peasant population.
 SuraSura is considered to be a is considered to be a
favorite drink of favorite drink of IndraIndra..

14. AlcoholAlcohol
When alcohol is taken, it goes directly from When alcohol is taken, it goes directly from
your digestive system into your blood and your digestive system into your blood and
within minutes spreads to entire body, within minutes spreads to entire body,
including brainincluding brain
It spreads evenly throughout body-except It spreads evenly throughout body-except
brain which gets the highest concentration brain which gets the highest concentration
because it gets more blood than any other because it gets more blood than any other
part of the bodypart of the body
More blood equals more alcoholMore blood equals more alcohol
Intoxication (drunkenness) starts in the Intoxication (drunkenness) starts in the
brainbrain

15. AlcoholAlcohol
Alcohol is the oldest and most widely Alcohol is the oldest and most widely
used drug in the world.used drug in the world.
When it is first consumed, it may give the When it is first consumed, it may give the
drinker a certain energydrinker a certain energy
However alcohol is actually a However alcohol is actually a
depressantdepressant that causes the CNS to slow that causes the CNS to slow
down.down.
It’s only a matter of time until the person It’s only a matter of time until the person
becomes becomes drunk……drunk……

16. Types of Alcohol DrinkersTypes of Alcohol Drinkers
1. Social Drinkers:
These are people who can control their drinking. They
rarely drink to excess.
2. Problem Drinkers:
These are people who can control their drinking. They
do not have to drink very often but when they do so, they
cause problems for themselves or others
3. Alcoholism (Alcoholic):
These are people who cannot control their drinking at
all or only for a short period of time.
When an alcoholic starts drinking they will continue to
drink until they run out of alcohol or they pass out

17. Some reasons why people
choose to drink Alcohol:
Peer Pressure
Addicted
Celebrations/Religious feasts
Relieve stress
Escape problems
To socialize more easily
Like the effects

18. WHY ALCOHOL IS WHY ALCOHOL IS
A PUBLIC HEALTH A PUBLIC HEALTH
CONCERN?CONCERN?
Causal factor in more than 60 Causal factor in more than 60
major types of diseases and major types of diseases and
injuriesinjuries

Results in approximately 2.5 Results in approximately 2.5
million deaths each year.million deaths each year.
 4% of all deaths worldwide are 4% of all deaths worldwide are
attributable to alcohol.attributable to alcohol.
World Health Organization (2008b). The global burden of disease:
2004 update. Geneva (http://www.who.int/evidence/bod, accessed 28
November 2010

19. Alcohol and Poverty:
Poverty or someone with a low income
may also use organized crime as a way of
achieving their goals when they are under
influence of alcohol

20. ALCOHOL and the LIVERALCOHOL and the LIVER
The liver removes poisons – include The liver removes poisons – include
alcohol from the body by the process alcohol from the body by the process
known as oxidation and turns it back known as oxidation and turns it back
into water and carbon dioxide. into water and carbon dioxide.
People who drink regularly can have People who drink regularly can have
serious liver damage and may even get serious liver damage and may even get
liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (a liver cancer and liver cirrhosis (a
condition in which liver tissue is condition in which liver tissue is
destroyed and then replaced with destroyed and then replaced with
scarred tissue)scarred tissue)
If the liver is damaged badly enough, it If the liver is damaged badly enough, it
can stop working, causing the person to can stop working, causing the person to
die.die.

21. Alcohol and Reproductive Alcohol and Reproductive
systemsystemAmenorrheaAmenorrhea
Ovarian size Ovarian size
decreasedecrease
Infertility Infertility
(absence of (absence of
corpora lutea)corpora lutea)
Increased risk Increased risk
of spontaneous of spontaneous
abortionabortion
Fetal alcohol Fetal alcohol
syndromesyndrome
Increase sexual
drive
Decrease erectile
capacity
Testicular atrophy
Ejaculate volume
decreases
Lower sperm count

22. ALCOHOL AND PREGNANCYALCOHOL AND PREGNANCY
MiscarriagesMiscarriages
Premature birth Premature birth
Low birth weight Low birth weight
Birth defectsBirth defects
Developmental problems Developmental problems
DeathDeath
A baby’s health problems, if caused by A baby’s health problems, if caused by
alcohol will continue to grow as the child alcohol will continue to grow as the child
grows. grows.

23. If I’m Pregnant, Can I …If I’m Pregnant, Can I …
…Have a beer?…Have a beer?
The Centers for Disease Control The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) says “no and Prevention (CDC) says “no
level of alcohol…has been level of alcohol…has been
determined safe,” but some determined safe,” but some
doctors feel limited drinking – doctors feel limited drinking –
no more than a pint a day, no more than a pint a day,
suggests Dr. Gibb – after the suggests Dr. Gibb – after the
first trimester is okay.first trimester is okay.

24. Alcohol and GenderAlcohol and Gender
Women are more sensitive to the physiological
effects of alcohol than men – achieve higher
blood concentrations, feeling more intoxicated
and show higher vulnerability to alcohol
dependence
Women may have a greater sensitivity to the
neurotoxic effects of alcohol

25. Alcohol and AgeAlcohol and Age
16-24 year old males are the most likely age of
drinking alcohol excessively
They are also more likely to commit crime and
be the victims of crime
A significant proportion of deaths among young
people are related to the acute consequences
of alcohol consumption (e.g. road traffic
accidents)
The majority of alcohol-related deaths occur
among older age groups, mostly from liver
disease and cancer

26. Alcohol and Age cont. ..Alcohol and Age cont. ..
Evidence suggests that older adults are at a
relatively high risk of;

Stroke (with overuse)

Injuries (falls, accidents)

Sleep disorders

Suicide
With alcohol all ages are involved in snake bite

27. Alcohol and sexAlcohol and sex
The chances of contracting
sexually transmitted diseases,
unplanned pregnancies, and
violence is greatly increased
when a person is under the
influence of alcohol
Alcohol and Opium abuse are
correlated with risky sex
Risky sex is correlated with many
diseases
2727

28. Alcohol and Education:
Lack of education can lead to unemployment,
which makes someone more likely to drink
alcohol excessively and may cause violence or
crime

29. Alcohol and drivingAlcohol and driving
Driving under the Driving under the
influence of alcohol is influence of alcohol is
the leading cause of the leading cause of
death among death among
teenagers.teenagers.
On average On average 11 11
teenagers are killed teenagers are killed
and 350 injured and 350 injured
everyday in the U.S. everyday in the U.S.
due to drunk driving.due to drunk driving.
2929

30. Alcohol’s Most Common Effects:
Pleasure
Thinking skills impaired
Physical performance impaired
Diseases and Bodily Damage:

Liver cirrhosis

Liver cancer

Brain malfunction

Delirium (an acute disorder of the mental
process accompanying brain disease)

Death

31. Rehabilitation of AlcoholicsRehabilitation of Alcoholics
CounselingCounseling
Vocational Vocational
rehabilitationrehabilitation
Self-help groups such Self-help groups such
as alcoholics as alcoholics
Relapse preventionRelapse prevention..
Ancillary support Ancillary support
servicesservices

32. Physician’s role Physician’s role
Identifying the alcoholicIdentifying the alcoholic
Diagnosing and treating associated medical or psychiatric Diagnosing and treating associated medical or psychiatric
syndromessyndromes
Overseeing detoxificationOverseeing detoxification
Referring the patient to rehabilitation programsReferring the patient to rehabilitation programs
Providing counselingProviding counseling
 Medication as needed Medication as needed

33. Treatment of alcoholicsTreatment of alcoholics

Counseling by a trained counselors.Counseling by a trained counselors.

Rehabilitation of alcoholics: World-wide Rehabilitation of alcoholics: World-wide
organization where alcoholics talk about organization where alcoholics talk about
what their drinking did to them and their what their drinking did to them and their
families.families.

Medicine:Medicine:
•Antabuse is most common - Makes a Antabuse is most common - Makes a
person ill if they drink with this in their person ill if they drink with this in their
system.system.

34. TOBACCO/CIGARETTETOBACCO/CIGARETTE
Most addictive drugMost addictive drug
Causes more long term health problems than Causes more long term health problems than
any other drugsany other drugs
Adults smoke more in our community and Adults smoke more in our community and
younger people under 18 smoke more in younger people under 18 smoke more in
Western WorldWestern World
Women are more likely than men to develop a
dependence on tobacco/cigarette
Women report shorter intervals between
cigarettes, and find it more difficult to quit
tobacco/cigarette smoking than men

35. TOBACCO/CIGARETTETOBACCO/CIGARETTE
What it does to your body, brain, What it does to your body, brain,
lungs, liver and heart;lungs, liver and heart;
Stimulates your bodyStimulates your body
Causes lungs and liver cancersCauses lungs and liver cancers
Causes heart and respiratory diseasesCauses heart and respiratory diseases
Causes fetus and infant deathsCauses fetus and infant deaths
skin becomes thinner and wrinkledskin becomes thinner and wrinkled

37. Percentage of deaths caused by Percentage of deaths caused by
cigarette smoking by countries in cigarette smoking by countries in
20042004

38. Deaths attributed to 19 leading
factors in 2004

39. Cigarette Smoking by Cigarette Smoking by
EducationEducation

41. EFFECTS OF NICOTINE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE
IN THE LUNGSIN THE LUNGS

42. Alcohol and SmokingAlcohol and Smoking
Leads to comorbidity or more chronic Leads to comorbidity or more chronic
diseases in a person diseases in a person
A person grows old fasterA person grows old faster

43. OPIUMOPIUM
Opium and cigarette smoke have some of the same Opium and cigarette smoke have some of the same
cancer-causing substances.cancer-causing substances.
cancer-producing agent is higher in opiumcancer-producing agent is higher in opium
400 chemicals in opium smoke affect lungs, throat 400 chemicals in opium smoke affect lungs, throat
and esophagusand esophagus
In most cases, opium smoking cause madness and In most cases, opium smoking cause madness and
laziness etc.laziness etc.

44. Assignment:Assignment:
In a group of three; In a group of three;
Group I: Group I:

Name locally brewed alcohols at homes and in factories in Name locally brewed alcohols at homes and in factories in
South Sudan. South Sudan.

Assess their volumes of alcohol Assess their volumes of alcohol

Suggest Local Government measuresSuggest Local Government measures
Group IIGroup II

Name imported brewed alcohols in South Sudan.Name imported brewed alcohols in South Sudan.

What volume of alcohol do they carryWhat volume of alcohol do they carry

Suggest Local Government measures Suggest Local Government measures
Group III:Group III:

Do you know any other drugs used in Yei River State?Do you know any other drugs used in Yei River State?

If you are Local Government Officials, what Measures will If you are Local Government Officials, what Measures will
you put in a place to stop such drugs use in Yei River State you put in a place to stop such drugs use in Yei River State

45. drug abuse and society drug abuse and society
What are the effects of drug abuse on What are the effects of drug abuse on
society?society?
Spread of diseases such as;Spread of diseases such as;

HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS

Hepatitis - through sharing Hepatitis - through sharing
needles, or having unprotected sexneedles, or having unprotected sex

46. drug abuse and society drug abuse and society
CONT.. CONT..
CRIME CRIME
drug possessiondrug possession
drug usedrug use
drug traffickingdrug trafficking
drug manufacturingdrug manufacturing
thefttheft
break and enterbreak and enter
robberyrobbery
motor vehicle theftmotor vehicle theft

47. drug abuse and society drug abuse and society
CONT.. CONT..
HOMELESSNESSHOMELESSNESS

48. RISK FACTORSRISK FACTORS
Family management problemsFamily management problems
poorly defined rulespoorly defined rules
inconsistent application of rulesinconsistent application of rules
lack of monitoringlack of monitoring
excessive disciplineexcessive discipline
negative communication patternsnegative communication patterns
poor anger managementpoor anger management

49. RISK FACTORSRISK FACTORS
Academic Failure (low and failing Academic Failure (low and failing
grades)grades)
Little commitment to schoolLittle commitment to school

50. PROTECTIVE FACTORSPROTECTIVE FACTORS
Involvement in alternative activitiesInvolvement in alternative activities
Sense of well being and self-confidenceSense of well being and self-confidence

51. PROTECTIVE FACTORS
•Positive future plans
•Healthy coping strategies to deal with
stress
•Positive attitude towards learning

52. PROTECTIVE FACTORSPROTECTIVE FACTORS
Knowledge about risks associated with Knowledge about risks associated with
drug usedrug use

53. PROTECTIVE FACTORSPROTECTIVE FACTORS
Positive relationships with adultsPositive relationships with adults

54. PROTECTIVE FACTORSPROTECTIVE FACTORS
Friends disapprove of drugs and usesFriends disapprove of drugs and uses

55. PROTECTIVE FACTORSPROTECTIVE FACTORS
Negative attitude towards drug useNegative attitude towards drug use

56. Prevention of Drug AbusePrevention of Drug Abuse
1.Prevention of Alcohol Abuse
a.Drink socially and not regularly
b.Control bad behaviors due to alcohol
abuse
c.Do not force any person to drink alcohol
d.Do not allow any children under 18 years
etc to drink alcohol
e.Pregnant women must not drink alcohol
f.Counseling at rehabilitation center for
alcoholics

57. Prevention of Drug Abuse cont. Prevention of Drug Abuse cont.
g. As Government or Local Government;
i.Legislate and stop manufacturing any
alcohols above 20% etc.
ii.Import only low volume alcohols
iii.Regulate time for selling and drinking
iv.Increase imported alcohol prices
through higher taxation
v.Decrease alcohol problems by
controlling illegal alcohol smuggling
vi.Ban importing alcohols made in small
quantities like Kabera/Kick etc.

58. Prevention of Drug Abuse cont. Prevention of Drug Abuse cont.
2. Prevention of smoking cigarette and opium:
a. STOP smoking CIGARETTE and OPIUM
b. Do not smoke in the public places like
institutions, bars etc.
c. Institutions should introduce smoke free
environments
d. Do not force any person to smoke

59. Prevention of Drug Abuse cont. Prevention of Drug Abuse cont.
e. As Government or Local Government;
i. Stop producing tobacco in the
County, State and Country
ii. Legislate and BAN tobacco
companies in the County, State and
Country
iii. Stop manufacturing cigarette in the
country
iv. Do not import cigarettes in the
country

60. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING, THANK YOU FOR LISTENING,
ANY QUESTIONS?ANY QUESTIONS?