Ekonomi Kawasan dan Regional pertemuan 1_pptx.pptx

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1. Ekonomi Kawasan: pendahuluan

2. PENDAHULUAN - RUANG LINGKUP ILMU EKONOMI REGIONAL/WILAYAH : Suatu cabang dari ilmu ekonomi yang dalam pembahasannya lebih menitik beratkan pada dimensi tata ruang dalam pengertian ekonomi. Suatu cabang dari ilmu ekonomi yang dalam pembahasannya memasukkan unsur perbedaan potensi satu wilayah dengan wilayah lain

3. Walter Isard (1956) : Penerapan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi antar wilayah yang memiliki potensi yang berbeda Persoalan pokok ilmu ekonomi (ekonom klasik) mecakup 4 hal :what, how, for whom, when. Perbedaan kondisi antar daerah : potensi ekonomi, kemajuan industri, ketersediaan prasarana, kepadatan penduduk, keahlian TK dan harga faktor produksi WHERE : Pemilihan lokasi dari berbagai kegiatan ekonomi (Ilmu Eko Regional)

4. Tujuan Ilmu Ekonomi Regional, menciptakan : Terjaganya kelestarian dan Swasembada Pangan Pemerataan Pembangunan Antar Wilayah Penetapan Sektor Unggulan Membuat Keterkaitan Antar Sektor

5. MANFAAT ILMU EKO REGIONAL MAKRO MIKRO Kebijakan Mempercepat Laju Pertumbuhan Keseluruhan Wilayah Membantu Perencanaan Wilayah Menghemat Waktu dan Biaya Dalam Proses Menentukan Lokasi Suatu Kegiatan Proyek Penentuan Wilayah Proyek Ada Perbedaan Pada Setiap Wilayah : Potensi Keunggulan Komparative Skala Prioritas Pendapatan MPC

6. EKONOMI REGIONAL VERSUS EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN KESAMAAN : DALAM UPAYA MERUMUSKAN KEBIJAKAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAKMURAN MASYARAKAT ILMU EKO REGIONAL ILMU EKO PEMBANGUNAN Membicarakan perbedaan /hubungan potensi antar bagian wilayah Hanya membicarakan bagian tertentu saja dari wilayah suatu negara (fokus pada batasan kesatuan wilayah analisis) Membahas pengaruh pembangunan suatu wilayah, arah perpindahan modal & TK serta faktor penyebabnya, arus barang dan uang dalam suatu wilayah Analisis ekonomi regional banyak yang tidak dapat diterapkan dalam ekonomipembangunan Ekonomi regional banyak berisikan rumus aplikasi Kurang membicarakan perbedaan hubungan potensi antar bagian wilayah Objeknya mencakup seluruh wilayah di seluruh negara ( fokus pada batasan administrasi ) Membahas aspek moneter , fiskal , impor , ekspor , tahapan pertumbuhan dan kebijakan lainnya Analisis ekonomi pembangunan umumnya dapat digunakan untuk analisis eko regional Eko Pembangunan berisi teori murni

7. Ekonomi Makro Pendapatan daerah (PDRB) PDRB Perkapita Investasi Daerah Efek Multiplier di daerah Konsumsi daerah Tabungan daerah Ekspor daerah Pajak daerah dan sebagainya Ekonomi Regional Ekonomi Mikro Teori Harga Spasial Teori Lokasi industry Dan sebagainya K edudukan Ekonomi Regional di dalam Teori Ekonomi

8. K onsep “region” H omogeneous region K esamaan karakterististik sosial ekonomi dalam wilayah bersangkutan 1 N odal region K eterkaitan sosial-ekonomi erat antardaerah 2 Planning region T ujuan penyusunan perencanaan pembangunan wilayah 3 A dministrative region Pertimbangan kemampuan dan kebutuhan administrasi pemerintahan 4 Cth : provinsi , kota , kabupaten , ASEAN, Uni- Eropa Cth : Jabodetabek , Sijori Cth : Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus Cth : provinsi , kota , kabupaten , kecamatan , desa

9. Perubahan paradigma Pembangunan ekonomi Teori Neoklasik The neoclassical model has provided a useful basis for understanding the implications of labour and capital changes on economic performance of nations and regions (Richardson 1973) However, it does not adequately explain how productivity, performance and other values related to the application of labour , capital and technology affect economic development—especially in regional economies ( Malecki 1991, p. 111)

10. Teori dan model utama ekonomi regional Evolution approaches Economic Base Growth Poles Accumulative Causation Industry Attraction and Infrastructure Provision Location Theory and Central Place Theory Agglomeration Effects Technology Based Explanations of Regional Development From Comparative Advantage to Competitive Advantage: The Emergence of a New Theory Focusing on Contemporary Perspectives on Regional Economic Development: An Embedded Institutional Approach

11. Romer (1986, 1990), Barro (1990), Rebelo (1991), Grossman and Helpman (1991) and Arthur (1994): Technical progress as it generates economic development as an endogenous effect rather than accepting the neo-classical view of long term growth being due to exogenous factors. New growth theory models allow for agglomeration effects (economies of scale and externalities) and for market imperfections, with the price mechanism not necessarily generating an optimal outcome through efficient allocation of resources. Also, the process of capital accumulation and free trade do not necessarily lead to convergence between regions, with positive agglomeration effects concentrating activity in one or a few regions through self-enforcing effects that attract new investment. Thus, new growth theory allows for both concentration and divergence Evolution approaches

12. Economic Base Theory of regional economic development is economic base theory (Alexander 1954; Tiebout 1962), assumes that local regional economies are composed of two parts: (a) a non-basic component which exists to serve the needs of the local resident population (local consumption); (b) a basic component which produces goods and services for consumption outside the local region (export consumption). The basic part of the economy is called the export base (or sometimes the economic base). Development is seen to occur through the expansion of the economic base because such development has a multiplying effect Growth in the export base of a region means that funds flow into the local regional economy from the sale of locally produced goods and services to consumers outside of the region

13. Francois Perroux (1950) argues that economic development strategy should focus investment on a specific sector—that is the growth pole, or sectors, to initiate propulsive development. The growth pole is normally a regional economy’s core basic industry. The notion is that as this ‘pole’ begins to expand, linkages are forged to other sectors as import substitution occurs through appropriate policies, urban centres in a multi-regional context could become growth poles Growth pole theory has been criticized from the associated unevenness of the benefits that stem from successful efforts to implement related strategies. This critique has contributed considerably to the ‘balanced vs. unbalanced’ growth conflict in the economic literature Growth Poles

14. Accumulative Causation

15. Location theory has proposed that firms locate so as to minimize costs and seek locations that maximize their opportunities to reach markets and, thus to maximize profits. Much of the focus has been on transport costs, labour costs, other production costs, scale of operation, and agglomeration economics. The focus of central place theory is on the retail and other service functions of a central place rather than manufacturing type activities. The trade area of a specific function is determined by a number of factors, and in particular the inter-relationships between the price of the good or service, the cost of travel for a consumer to gain access to purchase it, the aggregate level of time required to support the business providing it, and the frequency with which it is purchased. Thus, the two prime considerations are the range of a good or service, which sets a spatial limit beyond which people will not travel to access it, and the threshold of the good or service, which refers to the minimum aggregate consumption that the good or service needs to pay for the costs of producing or offering the good or service Location Theory and Central Place Theory

16. “agglomeration effects bring about spatial structure, path dependence of growth processes, ‘lock-in’ phenomena, and long term implications of historic events” (Maier 2001, p. 132). Agglomeration economies are benefits available to individuals and firms in large concentrations of population and economic activity, as found in big cities and in some nodal concentrations of activities within them Another form of agglomeration effects, economies of scale, refers to factors that make it possible for large organizations or regions to produce goods and services more cheaply than smaller one Economies of scope arise through the opportunities of large concentrations of population and activity provide for diversified activities to occur through linkages among firms of various sizes Agglomeration refers to externality effects, which relate to the advantages gained through proximity to diversified business and market opportunities as a result of the concentration of people and activities in particular locations Agglomeration Effects

17. From Comparative Advantage to Competitive Advantage: The Emergence of a New Theory