Electric and hybrid vehicles PowerPoint presentation(1).pptx

based on electric and hybrid vehicles

1. WELCOME

2. Name of candidates: 1.Harshad Sachin Shinde 23213070323 2.Shivam Balasaheb Jagtap 23213070330 3.Kunal Rajedra Bhilare 23213070304 4.Mayur Tatyaba Jayptre 23213070331

3. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

4. brief history of electric and hybrid vehicles: Electric vehicles (EVs) and  hybrid electric vehicles  (HEVs) have a long, cyclical history, with early EVs gaining popularity around the turn of the 20th century before being eclipsed by gasoline cars but experiencing a comeback driven by oil crises and environmental concerns, ultimately leading to the successful mass-produced hybrids like the Toyota Prius in the late 1990s and the modern EV revolution beginning in the 2000s with companies like Tesla and the  Nissan LEAF . 

5. Electric vs. hybrid vs. gasoline:  Feature Electric (EV) Hybrid Gasoline Fuel Type Electricity Gas + Electric Gasoline Emissions None (tailpipe) Reduced High Running Cost Low Medium High Range 100–400+ miles 400–600+ miles 300–500+ miles Charging/Fueling Time Hours Minutes (gas only) Minutes Maintenance Low Medium High Purchase Cost (avg) High (but dropping) Medium Low

6. The importance of EVs and HEVs: 🌍 1. Environmental Benefits ⛽ 2. Energy Efficiency & Fuel Savings 💰 3. Lower Operating Costs 🚀 4. Driving Innovation 🏙️ 5. Urban Mobility and Policy Support

7. Types of electric and hybrid vehicles:  Type Power Source Plug-in? Uses Gas? Drives on Electricity Alone? Example BEV (EV) Battery ✅ ❌ ✅ Tesla Model Y PHEV Battery + Gas ✅ ✅ ✅ (short range) Toyota Prius Prime HEV Battery + Gas ❌ ✅ ❌ (assists engine) Honda Insight MHEV Small Motor + Gas ❌ ✅ ❌ Audi A6 Mild Hybrid FCEV Hydrogen ❌ ❌ ✅ Toyota Mirai

8. How an electric vehicle works: Charging: The EV's battery pack is charged by plugging it into an external power source, such as a charging station or a standard electrical outlet. This stored energy is in the form of direct current (DC). ​Power Conversion: Most electric motors use alternating current (AC). A device called an inverter converts the DC electricity from the battery pack into AC electricity. The power electronics controller, or inverter, manages the flow of this energy to the motor, controlling the vehicle's speed and the torque produced. ​Propulsion: The AC electricity powers the electric motor, which converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is transferred to the wheels through a transmission, causing the car to move. ​Regenerative Braking: A unique feature of EVs is regenerative braking. When the driver slows down or brakes, the electric motor acts as a generator. It captures the kinetic energy from the vehicle's motion and converts it back into electrical energy, which is then stored in the battery pack. This process helps extend the vehicle's range.

9. Are EVs truly zero-emission?:  Emission Source EV Gasoline Vehicle Tailpipe ✅ Zero ❌ High (CO₂, NOₓ, etc.) Electricity/Fuel Production ⚠️ Varies by grid ❌ Always emits during refining and transport Vehicle Production ⚠️ Slightly higher ✅ Lower Lifetime Emissions ✅ Lower overall ❌ Highest overall

10. The role of EVs in urban planning:  Urban Planning Area E lectric vehicles Air Quality Zero emissions reduce pollution Noise Control Quiet motors reduce ambient noise Infrastructure Enables smart, green charging systems Traffic & Parking Supports shared, autonomous mobility Energy Connects to renewable grids and storage Policy Drives sustainable development goals

11. EVs and renewable energy:   🌞 1. Clean Charging: Powering EVs with Renewable Energy Eg. Charging an EV with rooftop solar can reduce lifetime emissions by over 90% compared to a gasoline car. 🔁 2. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology benefits – 1. Supports energy reliability 2. Reduces the need for grid-scale storage 3.Offers potential income for EV owners through energy resale 🌍 3. Supporting Grid Decarbonization 🔋 4. Second-Life Batteries for Renewable Storage 🧭 5. Policy and Planning Alignment

12. The sustainability of battery production and recycling:  Area Challenge Progress/Solution Mining Environmental & ethical issues Better sourcing, new battery chemistries Manufacturing High energy use Green factories, cleaner tech Recycling Low recovery rates Advanced recycling tech scaling up End-of-life Potential waste Second-life use & circular systems

13. Advances in battery technology:  ⚙️ 1. Lithium-Ion Battery Improvements - Advantage - Better choice for affordable EVs or high-usage fleets. ⚡ 2. Solid-State Batteries (SSBs) - Major players: Toyota, Quantum Scape, Solid Power, Samsung 🧊 3. Faster Charging Technologies – Example: CATL’s " Shenxing " LFP battery: 400 km of range in 10 minutes of charging StoreDot : aims for 100 miles of range in 5 minutes 🔋 4. Silicon Anodes – ✅ Companies like Sila Nanotechnologies, Amprius are solving this with advanced materials

14. Advances in battery technology:  🌍 5. Sustainability Improvements – ✅ Supports a circular battery economy ✅ Reduces environmental and ethical concerns 🔁 6. Modular and Swappable Batteries Some companies (like NIO) are testing battery swap stations: Full charge in under 5 minutes by swapping packs Could support fleets, taxis, and EV users with no home charging access

15. Charging infrastructure:  Charger Level Power Output Charging Time Common Use 🔋 Level 1 120V / ~2–5 km per hour 8–24 hours for full charge Home charging (standard outlet) ⚡ Level 2 240V / ~20–50 km per hour 4–8 hours Homes, workplaces, public lots ⚡⚡ DC Fast Charging (Level 3) 50–350 kW / up to 300 km in 15–30 minutes 15–45 minutes Highways, commercial stations

16. Wireless power transfer (WPT) for EVs:  Wireless EV charging typically uses inductive charging : Components: Charging Pad (Transmitter): Installed in the ground (e.g., parking space or roadway) Receiver Coil: Installed under the EV Process: Electricity flows through the ground pad, creating a magnetic field. The magnetic field induces current in the car’s receiver coil. That current charges the vehicle’s battery — wirelessly. ✅ No need for cords, cables, or user action once aligned over the pad.

17. Regenerative braking systems: 🛑🔋 Regenerative Braking Systems (RBS) in Electric Vehicles: Regenerative braking is a smart technology used in electric and hybrid vehicles to recover energy that would otherwise be lost during braking. It helps improve energy efficiency, extend driving range, and reduce brake wear. ⚙️ 1. What Is Regenerative Braking? In a traditional car, when you press the brakes, friction slows the wheels, and the energy is lost as heat. In an EV or hybrid, regenerative braking captures some of that energy and: Converts it into electrical energy Sends it back to the battery for reuse

18. Regenerative braking systems: 🔄 2. How It Works (Step-by-Step) You lift your foot off the accelerator or press the brake. The electric motor runs in reverse, acting like a generator. The spinning wheels transfer energy to the motor. The motor converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. That energy is stored in the battery for later use. ✅ This process slows the vehicle without using the friction brakes as much.

19. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology:  Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is a groundbreaking technology that allows electric vehicles (EVs) to not only draw power from the grid but also send unused energy back to it. In essence, your EV becomes a mobile energy storage unit that can help power homes, businesses, and even the grid itself. ⚙️ 1. What Is V2G? Traditional EV charging is one-way: from the grid to the car. V2G is two-way: electricity can flow from the grid to the vehicle and back from the vehicle to the grid when needed.

20. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology:  🔋 2. How It Works Components: Bi-directional charger: Enables both charging and discharging Smart grid connection: Communicates with energy providers V2G-capable EV: Not all EVs support this yet Process: EV charges normally when demand and electricity costs are low. During peak demand or emergencies, EV sends power back to the grid. Vehicle owner may get compensated for the energy sent.

21. Global EV market trends:  Rapid Growth in EV Sales In 2024, over 17 million electric cars were sold worldwide — up ~25% over 2023. For 2025, projections suggest over 20 million will be sold globally, corresponding to more than 25% of all new car sales in many markets. Growth is particularly strong in emerging and developing economies (Asia outside China, Latin America, Africa) where sales have increased by over 60% in many places. Shifting Market Shares China continues to dominate: in 2024, it accounted for around half of global EV sales; many models are locally manufactured and competitively priced. Europe has steadied; its EV share has been held back somewhat by reduction or expiry of incentives/subsidies in some countries. But stricter CO₂ emissions rules are expected to push EV share up further. United States : moderate growth; EVs now make up just over 10% of new car sales.

22. Government policies and incentives:  India has been particularly active, using many of the above tools. Some of the current / recent policies are: PM E‑DRIVE: The current central scheme to promote EV adoption. It includes subsidies / incentives for electric two‑wheelers, three‑wheelers, e‑trucks, e‑buses, ambulances, etc. FAME II: Earlier scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles) which provided upfront incentives, especially for 2Ws, 3Ws, buses, and charging infra; and to promote domestic manufacturing. Tax benefits: Lower GST on EVs (5%) vs high rates on ICE vehicles. Income tax deduction under section 80EEB: individuals can deduct interest paid on loans to purchase EVs up to a limit.

23. The economics of EV and HYBRID vehicles ownership:  Parameter EV Hybrid Purchase price differential +₹4-8 lakh (just example) — Incentives / tax savings for EV -₹1-2 lakh — or much smaller Energy / Fuel cost over 5 yrs (say 20,000 km/year) 20,000 × 5 × ₹1.5/km = ₹1,50,000 20,000 × 5 × ₹7.0/km = ₹7,00,000 Maintenance + servicing over 5 yrs maybe ₹20,000-30,000 maybe ₹40,000-70,000 Battery replacement (if needed within 5 yrs) maybe not required under warranty smaller battery, maybe cheaper; hybrid battery more limited usage

24. Leading EV manufacturers and competitive landscape:   YD (Build Your Dreams): This Chinese conglomerate has become one of the world's largest EV manufacturers, especially when including its significant PHEV sales. BYD has a massive presence in the Chinese market, which is the world's largest, and is rapidly expanding its international footprint, offering a wide range of vehicles, from affordable models to premium options. Tesla, Inc.: Historically the undisputed leader in BEV sales globally, Tesla remains a dominant force. Known for its early mover advantage, strong brand recognition, high-performance vehicles (Model Y, Model 3), and extensive Supercharger network, Tesla's primary focus is on pure electric vehicles.

25. Leading EV manufacturers and competitive landscape:   Volkswagen (VW) Group: A major traditional automaker aggressively transitioning to electric. The VW Group—which includes brands like Volkswagen, Audi, Porsche, and Skoda—is a top contender in Europe and globally, leveraging its scale and established manufacturing capabilities. Geely Auto Group: Another prominent Chinese manufacturer that includes brands like Volvo, Polestar, and Zeekr . Geely is rapidly increasing its market share, utilizing diverse product offerings and strategic global partnerships. General Motors (GM): With brands like Chevrolet, Cadillac, and GMC, GM is heavily invested in its ' Ultium ' battery platform and is focusing on high-volume models like the Chevrolet Bolt and newer, high-profile offerings like the GMC Hummer EV and Cadillac Lyriq.

26. Autonomous and driverless electric cars:   Autonomous Cars Broadly refers to vehicles with automation features that can assist or take over driving tasks. They are classified on a scale from Level 0 to Level 5 (SAE standard): Level 0: No automation Level 1–2: Driver assistance (adaptive cruise, lane keep, etc.) Level 3: Conditional automation (car drives itself in certain conditions, but human must be ready to take over) Level 4: High automation (car can drive itself in defined areas/conditions, no driver needed within those zones) Level 5: Full automation (car can drive anywhere, anytime, no steering wheel required).

27. Driverless Electric Cars Usually refers to Level 4–5 fully autonomous EVs, where no human driver is required at all. These are the cars that can operate as robo -taxis, delivery vehicles, or shared fleets without human intervention. 👉 So: all driverless cars are autonomous, but not all autonomous cars are driverless.

28. The future of hybrid powertrains:   Market Growth: The global hybrid powertrain market is expanding rapidly, valued at around USD 97 billion in 2022 and projected to grow to over USD 349 billion by 2032, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 14.8% to 15.20%. Drivers: This growth is propelled by stricter global emission regulations, increasing consumer demand for fuel-efficient and eco-friendly vehicles, and advancements in hybrid technology. Adoption Rate: Forecasts suggest a rising adoption, with hybrid vehicles expected to account for 34% of all passenger vehicles sold in the U.S. by 2034. Globally, one research team raised its forecast for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) sales weighting to 12% of the market in 2030.

29. Electric heavy-duty vehicles: 

30. Next-generation materials for lightweight EVs: Aluminum alloys Magnesium alloys Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) Glass fiber composites Natural fiber composites (hemp, flax, jute) Engineering plastics (nylon, polycarbonate, ABS blends) Thermoplastic composites Graphene Structural battery materials (carbon fiber electrodes, multifunctional composites) Aerogels & advanced foams Sodium-ion & lithium-sulfur battery materials Shape-memory alloys & adaptive polymers

31. The long-term outlook for electric and hybrid vehicles:  Hybrid Development: Innovations focus on extended electric-only ranges for plug-in hybrids, enhanced fast-charging capabilities, and intelligent energy management systems that use predictive and adaptive driving profiles to optimize efficiency. Autonomous Driving (AD) and ADAS: The industry is moving away from the initial "fully autonomous" hype and toward more practical, incremental steps. Focus Areas: The current focus is on expanding Level 4 (L4) autonomy in limited, pre-defined areas, primarily for ride-hailing services (e.g., Waymo).

32. The long-term outlook for electric and hybrid vehicles:  Consumer Vehicles: Consumer-owned cars are gaining more advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), which include Level 2+ (L2+) and Level 3 (L3) features, such as hands-off/eyes-on driving in certain conditions. Technology: Key enabling technologies include advanced sensor integration (Lidar, radar, and cameras) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to process data and make real-time decisions. Challenges: The barriers to widespread L4/L5 adoption include high development cost, a liability shift from driver to automaker at L3, regulatory complexity, and public distrust.

33. Thank you