Electric system

The ppt is based on power generation,transmission and distribution.

1. ELECTRIC SYSTEM BY- SAYAN SARKAR A PRESENTATION ON

2. Electric System Components Generation Transmission Network Substations Distribution Network Substations / Transformers Homes / Industry

3. ELECTRICITY GENERATION

4. Power Plant Transforms some type of energy to electric energy Circular motion from direct force (hydro, wind, waves) Circulation motion from direct steam using heating (thermal, nuclear) Photovoltaic panel Generators Transforms circular motion of the rotor into electricity Transforming energy to electricity

5. POWER PLANTS Thermal Power Plants Hydroelectric Power Plants Nuclear Power Plants Wind Stations Solar Power Plants Geothermal Power Plants

6. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION

7. First commercial electric system (US) First distribution systems were DC (Thomas Edison) Electric load was essentially incandescent lamps (100V DC) Other systems (motors) required other voltages DC could be used wit storage batteries (used as backup) DC generators (110V) could be used in parallel to increase production capacity DC generators had to be within 2.4km (1.5mile) from users Different voltages required different generators Edison had invented an electric meter (DC) First light bulb Thomas Edison

8. Tesla invents the AC electric system AC shows up on 1880 (George Westinghouse) AC could be generated with higher efficiencies AC could be transmitted over larger distances It was easier to increase and decrease voltages (transformation) Risks were similar Nikola Tesla George Westinghouse

9. War of currents Edison makes a negative campaign AC was more danger Harold P. Brown, Edison’s employee, developed the first electric chair (AC) Niagara Falls Commission contract (1893) Edison + General Electric lost against George Westinghouse + Tesla 1896 generation started to Buffalo industries AC became the standard on 1900 Helsinki had a DC system until 1940 Boston, Massachusetts had DC systems until 1960 1998, Consolidated Edison (New York) started eliminating remaining systems (2007) DC is still used for transmission (HVDC)

10. Transmission Between Power Plant and Substation High way of electricity Long distance connections Usually takes place above 110kV Overhead lines or underground lines Underground lines costs are 10 to 20 times higher Maintenance in underground lines is much more expensive Difficulties in voltage management due to reactive power Magnetic field range is smaller

11. Losses Losses are due to Joule heating Electric energy transformed into thermal energy (incandescent lamps) These losses are proportional to current and wire resistance For the same power, higher voltages means less current Transporting energy in higher voltage decreases losses They usually represent between 5 to 10% of transmitted power

12. Power Station Decrease very high voltage to high voltage (60kV, 30KV)

13. Electricity Distribution

14. DC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM General Distribution System : Feder Distributors Service Mains DC Three Wires System : Voltage level can not be increased readily like a.c . ( too expensive , use to double the transmission voltage)

15. AC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Radial Distribution System : only one/single path is connected between eachDistributor and substation. In India, 99% of distribution of power is by radial distribution system only . Ring Main Distribution System : Feeder covers the whole area of supply in the ring fashion and finally terminates at the substation from where it is started. Closed loop form and looks like a ring.

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