Electric_Vehicles_Detailed_Presentation_45_slides.pptx

EVS

1. Electric Vehicles — Comprehensive Overview Technology, Components, Charging, Economics, Policy, and Future Trends Prepared for: Dr. Venu Gopal B T (Assistant Professor, ECE)

2. Outline / Table of Contents 1. Introduction & History 2. EV types & architectures 3. Key components 4. Batteries & chemistries 5. Battery management systems 6. Electric motors & power electronics 7. Charging technologies & standards 8. Infrastructure & grid integration 9. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) 10. Environmental impact & lifecycle 11. Economics & Total Cost of Ownership 12. Safety & Regulations 13. Manufacturers & market trends 14. Use-cases: two-wheelers to buses 15. Battery recycling & second life 16. Materials & supply chain 17. Future trends & research topics 18. Design projects and lab exercises 19. References & further reading 11. Economics & Total Cost of Ownership 12. Safety & Regulations 13. Manufacturers & market trends 14. Use-cases: two-wheelers to buses 15. Battery recycling & second life 16. Materials & supply chain 17. Future trends & research topics 18. Design projects and lab exercises 19. References & further reading 11. Economics & Total Cost of Ownership 12. Safety & Regulations 13. Manufacturers & market trends 14. Use-cases: two-wheelers to buses 15. Battery recycling & second life 16. Materials & supply chain 17. Future trends & research topics 18. Design projects and lab exercises 19. References & further reading

3. Introduction to Electric Vehicles Definition: Vehicles that use electric motors for propulsion, powered by rechargeable energy storage systems. Why EVs matter: decarbonisation, urban air quality, energy efficiency, and reduced dependence on fossil fuels.

4. Brief History of Electric Vehicles Early history: 19th century electric carriages, decline with ICE rise, resurgence since late 20th century. Milestones: 1990s hybrids, 2008 Tesla Roadster, mass-market BEVs and supportive policies post-2010.

5. Classification of EVs BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle): fully electric PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle): battery + ICE HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle): no plug-in, regenerative braking FCEV (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle): hydrogen fuel cells for electricity

6. EV Architectures Centralized motor with gearbox, hub motors, dual-motor AWD, series vs parallel hybrids. Powertrain topologies and trade-offs: efficiency, packaging, control complexity.

7. Key Components — High Level Battery pack, electric motor(s), power electronics (inverter, DC-DC), onboard charger, thermal management, BMS, transmission/gearbox.

8. Battery Pack — Overview Cell → Module → Pack: mechanical structure, electrical connections, fuses, contactors, cooling, and packaging. Pack-level safety features: fusing, isolation monitoring, thermal runaway mitigation.

9. Battery Chemistries Common chemistries: LFP (LiFePO4), NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt), NCA, LMO, and emerging options (solid-state, Li-S). Trade-offs: energy density, power density, cycle life, cost, thermal stability, raw material availability.

10. Cell Formats and Characteristics Formats: cylindrical, prismatic, pouch cells. Key specs: capacity (Ah), energy density (Wh/kg, Wh/L), C-rate, internal resistance, calendar & cycle life.

11. Battery Management System (BMS) Functions: cell monitoring (voltage, temp), SOC/SOH estimation, balancing, fault detection, communication, safety interlocks. Algorithms: coulomb counting, model-based observers, Kalman filters, impedance tracking for SOH.

12. State of Charge (SOC) & State of Health (SOH) Estimation SOC estimation methods: Coulomb counting, open-circuit voltage lookup, Kalman filter, machine learning approaches. SOH metrics: capacity fade, impedance increase, calendar vs cycle aging factors.

13. Battery Thermal Management Cooling strategies: air cooling, liquid cooling, phase-change, and passive thermal design. Thermal modeling, hot spots, importance for performance, longevity and safety.

14. Battery Charging Basics Charging phases: constant current (CC), constant voltage (CV), tapering and balancing. Charging power, efficiency losses, and impact on battery life (fast charging effects).

15. Charging Standards & Connectors AC charging: Type 1 (SAE J1772), Type 2 (Mennekes), GB/T. DC fast charging: CHAdeMO, CCS (Combo), Tesla Supercharger, GB/T DC. Residential vs public chargers, interoperability, and plug standards by region.

16. Onboard Charger & Power Electronics Onboard charger converts AC → DC to charge battery; includes power factor correction. DC-DC converter for auxiliary systems and high-voltage distribution architectures.

17. Inverter & Motor Drive Inverter converts DC battery voltage to AC for motor; includes PWM, SVPWM, and vector control techniques. Regenerative braking implementation and energy recovery control.

18. Electric Motor Types Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Induction Motor (IM), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), Brushless DC (BLDC). Selection criteria: torque density, efficiency map, cost, control complexity, rare-earth dependency.

19. Power Electronics Components IGBTs, MOSFETs, SiC MOSFETs, GaN devices: switching speed, conduction losses, thermal considerations. Multilevel inverters, EMI filters, and cooling of power modules.

20. Traction Control & Vehicle Dynamics Torque vectoring, traction control, ABS integration, and regenerative braking coordination. Impact on handling, stability, and energy efficiency.

21. Thermal Management — Vehicle Level HVAC interactions, cabin heating in cold climates (heat pumps vs resistive), and waste-heat utilization.

22. Charging Infrastructure — Types of Chargers Level 1 (slow, ~2-3 kW), Level 2 (home/work ~7-22 kW), DC Fast Charging (50 kW to 350+ kW). Ultra-fast charging and its implications on grid load & battery degradation.

23. Public Charging Networks Network operators, roaming between networks, payment systems, reliability, and uptime considerations. User experience: availability, reservation, queuing, and charger diagnostics.

24. Smart Charging & Demand Management Smart charging strategies to flatten peak load, dynamic pricing response, and controlled charging. Integration with home energy management and renewable generation.

25. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) & Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Bidirectional charging concepts, grid services (frequency regulation, peak shaving), and economic models. Technical challenges: standards, inverter requirements, battery cycling impacts, insurance & regulations.

26. Grid Impact & Integration Load forecasting, distribution grid upgrades, impact of clustered fast chargers, and grid edge solutions. Role of microgrids and community energy storage in EV adoption.

27. Environmental Impact & LCA Life Cycle Assessment: raw material extraction, manufacturing, usage emissions, end-of-life recycling. Comparative analysis: EVs vs ICE across different grid mixes and vehicle lifetimes.

28. Materials, Mining & Supply Chain Critical minerals: lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, graphite, rare earths for motors. Supply chain risks, ethical sourcing, and material substitution strategies (e.g., LFP to reduce cobalt).

29. Battery Aging Mechanisms Calendar aging vs cycle aging, SEI formation, lithium plating, mechanical degradation, and thermal effects. Testing protocols and accelerated aging studies.

30. Battery Testing & Certification Standard tests: IEC, UN38.3 (transport), UL 2580, ISO standards for EV batteries and safety testing. Crash safety, thermal runaway tests, and cell-level certifications.

31. Recycling & Second Life for Batteries Recycling routes: mechanical shredding, hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes. Second-life applications: stationary storage, grid support, and economic considerations.

32. Economics: Cost Components Upfront costs: battery, motor, chassis changes. Operating costs: electricity vs fuel, maintenance, insurance. Incentives: subsidies, tax breaks, access benefits, and residual value considerations.

33. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Analysis Model inputs: purchase price, battery replacement, charging cost, maintenance, depreciation, incentives. Break-even horizon examples and sensitivity to electricity price and battery degradation.

34. Safety in EVs High-voltage safety, isolation monitoring, emergency response, crash protocols, and first-responder training. Battery fire suppression technologies, standards, and vehicle design to mitigate risks.

35. Regulations & Standards Emissions standards, incentive programs, charging interoperability regulations, and national targets. Important bodies: ISO, IEC, SAE, UN, regional regulators and policies (examples: Europe, US, China, India).

36. Market Landscape & Key Manufacturers OEMs: Tesla, BYD, Volkswagen, Toyota (hybrids), Nissan, Hyundai/Kia, Tata, MG, Mahindra. New entrants, startups, and supply chain players: battery makers, inverter suppliers, charging networks.

37. Use-cases: Two-wheelers & Three-wheelers High adoption in Asia for e-scooters and e-rickshaws due to lower cost, urban suitability, and simple drivetrains. Design considerations: compact battery packs, motor controllers, and charging kiosks.

38. Use-cases: Commercial Fleets & Public Transport Buses, delivery vans, and last-mile logistics electrification—route planning, depot charging, and fast charging. Total cost benefits from predictable routes and centralized charging.

39. Case Study Examples Example: City bus electrification program — requirements, infrastructure, economics, outcomes (generic template). Example: Taxi fleet electrification — duty cycles, charging strategies, and TCO gains.

40. Design Considerations for EV Projects (for students) Project ideas: battery pack design, BMS implementation, motor drive controller, small EV conversion, telematics. Assessment criteria: safety, documentation, testing, simulation, and demonstration.

41. Lab Experiments & Teaching Modules Suggested labs: cell characterization, BMS prototyping, motor control lab, charger design, CAN bus communication. Tools: MATLAB/Simulink, LTspice, PLECS, LabVIEW, Arduino/Raspberry Pi, OPAL-RT for real-time HIL.

42. Simulation & Modelling Techniques Vehicle dynamics modelling, battery electrochemical modelling, thermal modelling, and control system simulation. Software: MATLAB/Simulink, Simscape, Ansys, COMSOL, OpenModelica.

43. Cybersecurity & Connectivity Threats: charging station spoofing, vehicle network attacks, telematics vulnerabilities. Mitigations: secure OTA updates, encrypted CAN/C通信, intrusion detection, and secure gateway designs.

44. Research Directions & Open Problems Solid-state batteries, fast-charging without life degradation, battery recycling efficiency, low-cost EVs for emerging markets. Advanced materials, systems integration, second-life economics, and hydrogen vs battery debates.

45. Project & Assignment Suggestions Assignments: TCO analysis for a specific vehicle, designing a small BMS, building a charger, or simulating an EV microgrid. Capstone project framework and evaluation rubrics for academic courses.

46. References & Further Reading Key textbooks, review papers, standards (ISO/IEC/SAE), and websites for up-to-date market data and policies. Suggested readings: NREL reports, IEA Global EV Outlook, battery research journals, and manufacturer whitepapers.