Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) Engineering for Oil and Gas Facilities

There is a growing shortage, and hence opportunity, for Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) technicians, technologists and engineers in the oil and gas industry. This is due to an increasing need for higher technology methods of obtaining and processing oil and gas as it is a finite declining resource. The price of oil is heading upwards steadily, thus making personnel and their associated oil and gas expertise in these industries even more valuable. The technical challenges of extracting oil and gas are becoming ever more demanding, with increasing emphasis on more marginal fields and previously inaccessible zones such as deep oceans, Polar regions, Falkland Islands and Greenland. The aim program is to provide you with core E&I engineering skills to enhance your career, and to benefit your firm.

This course provides a whole spectrum of activities ranging from basic electrical and instrumentation engineering to advanced practice including hazardous areas, data communications along with a vast array of E&I equipment utilised in an oil and gas environment as well as practical treatment of electrical power systems and instrumentation within the oil, gas, petrochemical and offshore industries. Whilst there is some theory this is used in a practical context giving you the necessary tools to ensure that the E&I hardware is delivering the results intended. No matter whether you are a new electrical, instrumentation or control technician/technologist/graduate engineer or indeed, even a practising facilities engineer, you will find this course beneficial in improving your understanding, skills and knowledge.

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Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) Engineering for Oil and Gas Facilities

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Power system
•Power generation plants are located based on fuel
availability
•Other considerations like water, pollution issues etc.
•Often they are in remote locations
•Loads are situated in population centers
•Transporting generated power to population centers for use
requires a power system

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Why AC?
•Almost the entire power generation and
transmission is by AC (alternating current)
•AC lends itself to voltage changes easily
•Voltage can be chosen for optimum efficiency and
optimum capital cost
•Thus better economy of power system operations

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AC Waveform
•A voltage or current in AC circuits varies cyclically
a number of times per second
•This number is called the frequency (F)
•The time for one cycle is thus 1/F
•The variation follows a sine relationship and the
waveform is called a sine wave
•An electrical system can be of single or 3 phase type

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Single and three phase generators

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Three phase AC
•Universally adopted because of lower equipment
cost per unit power handled
•Helpful while interconnecting several generating
sources (the sources tend remain in phase or stay
synchromised)
•Three phase AC motors (which account for most
of the energy used) have a simple design and are
self starting

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Electrical Power and Energy
•In DC circuits
Power=Voltage x Current (Watts)
Energy= Power x Time (Watt Hours)
•In AC circuits instantaneous voltage and current
keep changing as they follow a sine curve
–Power is computed using Root Mean Square (RMS)
voltage and RMS current

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AC Power
•Fundamental Definition of Power:
•In an AC circuit both are sinusoidal against time
•Sinusoidal Voltage and Current are defined in RMS
magnitudes where:
8
)()()( titvtp ×=
2
peak
rms
V
V=
2
peak
rms
I
I=

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Single Phase AC Power
TransmissionTransmission
9

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The Power Triangle
S
P
Q
f
22
SPS +=
S
P
rpowerfacto ==fcos
fcos*SP= fsin*SQ=
)cos( factorpowera=f

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Formulae for Power
•Apparent power S= V*I
•Active Power P= V*I*Cos f
•Reactive Power Q= V*I* Sin f
•Cos f is known as the Power Factor and f is the
power factor angle
•The angle depends on the ratio of the
resistance to the reactance in a circuit

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Typical Transmission Substation & transmission lines

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Power distribution
•Distribution is done at lower voltage levels
•Distances are much shorter than transmission
•Voltage levels are typically 33 kV and less
•Bulk of the consumers draw power at lower voltages
•This requires distribution at two different levels
•Distribution substations convert power from
transmission to distribution voltages
•We will discuss the equipment used for T&D in the next
webcast

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Three phase power network
•All AC generation, Transmission and Distribution is
through 3 phase systems
–Exception: Single phase/SWER distribution systems
•Utilisation can be 3 phase (motors and rectifiers for
drives, furnaces) or single phase (commercial and
lighting)
•Ability to transmit larger amount of power for a given
voltage/conductor volume
•Availability of rugged 3 phase cage motors with self
starting capability

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Distribution equipment
•Switching and isolation equipment
–Circuit breakers
–Disconnectors
–Control gear
•Conductors for carrying power
–Overhead bare
–Overhead insulated
–UG cables

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Substations
•A facility incorporating
–Transformers
–Switching/isolation equipment
–Control/protection/measuring
–Auxiliary power equipment
•Indoor or Outdoor type
•Air-insulated or gas-insulated
•Different configurations

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Outdoor 330 kV switchyard
(Transmission)
Typical indoor
distribution substation

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A 400 kV Transmission line and
Structure

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