Electrical Vehicles_Module V - Copy.pptx

it is related to electrical vehicle

1. Course Contents Introduction to Electric Vehicles: EV System, Components of an EV, EV History, the early years, recent EVs and HEVs ,EV Advantages, Efficiency Comparison, Pollution Comparison, Capital and Operating Cost Comparison. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Types of Hybrids Vehicles, Series and Parallel HEVs, Advantages and Disadvantages, Series-Parallel Combination, Concept of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains, Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains, Series Hybrid Electric Drive Trains, Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains. Electric Propulsion Systems: Basic Principles of BLDC Motor Drives, BLDC Machine Construction and Classification, application to Electric Vehicles. Switched Reluctance Motor Drives, Basic Magnetic Structure, Torque Production, SRM Drive Converter, Modes of Operation, Generating Mode of Operation, Application to Electric Vehicles. Introduction to Energy Storage Requirements: Requirements for Battery Systems in Electric Vehicles, Types of Batteries, Key Battery Management Technologies, Typical Structure of Battery Management Systems. Business: E-mobility business, electrification challenges, Connected Mobility and Autonomous Mobility- case study E-mobility Indian Roadmap. EVs in infrastructure system, social dimensions of EVs. ELECTRIC VEHICLES (A5258)

2. Text Book: 1. Emadi , A. (Ed.), Miller, J., Ehsani , M., “Vehicular Electric Power Systems” Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2003. 2. Iqbal Husain, “ELECTRIC and HYBRID VEHICLES: Design Fundamentals”, CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C., 2003. Larminie , James, and John Lowry, “Electric Vehicle Technology Explained” John Wiley and Sons, 2012. Reference Books: 1. Mehrdad Ehsani , Yimin Gao , Sebastien E. Gay, Ali Emadi , “Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design”, CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C., 2009. 2. Shen , Weixiang _ Xiong , Rui , ”Advanced battery management technologies for electric vehicles” 2019, John Wiley & Sons. Journals/Magazines 1.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2.Electric Power Systems Research  SWAYAM/NPTEL/MOOCs Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Link: https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc21_ee112/preview ELECTRIC VEHICLES (A5258)

3. Learning outcomes: E-mobility business Electrification challenges Connected Mobility and Autonomous Mobility- case study E-mobility Indian Roadmap EVs in infrastructure system Social dimensions of EVs Module 5: EVs Business

4. Electro mobility (or e-Mobility) represents the concept of using electric powertrain technologies, in-vehicle information, and communication technologies and connected infrastructures to enable the electric propulsion of vehicles and fleets. Powertrain technologies include full electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, as well as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles that convert hydrogen into electricity. E-Mobility efforts are motivated by the need to address corporate fuel efficiency and emission requirements, as well as market demands for lower operational costs. There are primarily three areas where your business can invest and build offerings around electric mobility. Therefore, the value-wheel consists of these three major areas i ) Mobility ii) Infrastructure iii) Energy Module 5: EVs Business

5. Mobility: Mobility is the segment where actual increase of EVs on the road will take place. Your business in mobility will focus on business models that use Electric Vehicles to provide services to the customers. Module 5: EVs Business

6. Infrastructure: The key barrier for large-scale adoption of electric vehicles in India was lack of public charging infrastructure. Thus, India needs to have a robust backbone for charging infrastructure across the length and breadth of the country with considerations of traffic and population density. Infrastructure segment includes charging infrastructure, battery swapping stations, and businesses built on traction battery. Module 5: EVs Business

7. Module 5: EVs Business

8. Energy: Researches show that a private vehicle stands idle for an estimated 95% of its lifetime. This very fact builds the premise for energy as a value area. Batteries in electric vehicles store electricity, and when not in use for commuting, electric vehicle owners can trade/ sell/ utilize the stored power and can earn additional revenues. Additionally, electric vehicles can be charged from Renewable Energy sources and actually help in contributing to grid stability by storing wind power in night and solar power in day and in turn help in proliferation of Renewable Energy and contribute to reducing GHG emissions. Module 5: EVs Business

9. INDIA’s E-mobility business: Start-ups along various components of the electric vehicle value chain, including manufacturing, retail, battery swapping, and software services, are disrupting the existing structure of the auto industry. Start-ups understand that the shift to electric vehicle is bound to happen as electric vehicles are economical, convenient and environment friendly and therefore, are playing a playing a pivotal role in the evolving electric mobility space in India. Module 5: EVs Business

10. At present, there are 399 electric vehicle start-ups in India. Let’s take a look at the top 10 Indian electric vehicle start-ups that are helping India become a cleaner and greener country. 1.Ola Electric : Business: Electric-scooter manufacturers USP (unique selling point ) : Disrupted the electric 2-wheeler market by providing economical 2-wheeler alternatives having best possible features 2.Ather Energy : Business: Electric-scooter manufacturers USP: The Vertical Integrated System of production (various components are manufactured by company’s own self instead of getting it produced from some other vendor) 3.Sun Mobility : Business: Battery swapping solutions USP: ‘Pay-as-you-go’ system for battery usage Module 5: EVs Business

11. 4.Magenta : Business: end to end platform for clean energy generation, adoption and utilization. USP: Country's largest public EV charging station in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 5.Numocity : Business: Smart and scalable energy delivery ecosystem for Ev’s USP: Expertise both in hardware and software 6.SmartE: Business: On-demand electric auto-rickshaw booking platform USP: India's first and largest electric mobility service, offering first & last mile connectivity 7.Yulu: Business: micro-mobility platform (Renting and leasing of electric cycles and electric 2- wheelers) USP: Affordable solution for urban traffic Module 5: EVs Business

12. 8.Lithium Urban Technologies : Business: Provider of urban electric transportation solutions USP: India's first zero-emission service, with its own fleets of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and associated charging infrastructure 9.BluSmart: Business: zero-emission ride hailing service and ev fast charging network. USP: most preferred ride hailing service and platform in Delhi NCR 10.Bounce: Business: bike-sharing startup that offers customers a last-mile commute option USP: drop the scooter at your desired destination thus improving last mile connectivity Module 5: EVs Business

13. Advantages of electro mobility: Electric vehicles are changing the way we move - not only because they are more eco-friendly. An e-car costs more than a comparable gasoline or diesel vehicle – mainly due to the large costs of producing the battery, although its prices have fallen in the past years. Electric vehicles require less maintenance and fewer repairs. There’s no need to change the oil and filters, and there are no exhaust systems, timing belts or V-belts. A combustion engine has around 2,500 components that have to be made and assembled compared with just 250 in an electric motor. E-cars can be serviced quickly by software updates over the air (SOTA). However, that’s also true of all connected cars, in other words, cars with access to the Internet . The lithium-ion batteries used in e-cars have a long service life, boast a high energy density and can be recharged many times over. Module 5: EVs Business

14. The batteries in e-cars are to be used in future to stabilize smart grids. If the wind and sun provide most of our energy supply, there’s a problem: Supply and demand for electricity may diverge, depending on the weather. Intelligent car charging technology should then be used to absorb excess energy, for instance, when there is a lot of sunshine. Conversely, it can feed excess electricity back into the grid when it’s no longer needed in the car. Electric cars deliver high performance and have a far higher efficiency than vehicles with a combustion engine: The ratio between the energy that is fed in and can be used is around 90 percent for electric powertrains . That figure is just 35 percent for gasoline engines and 45 for diesel engines. E-cars can accelerate faster from 0. They can also obtain energy with the aid of the inverter, such as when they brake, and feed it back to the battery. This effect is called recuperation. Module 5: EVs Business

15. Challenges facing electro mobility : EV range anxiety remains the biggest barrier to widespread adoption . Consumers demand a vehicle that is fun to drive and one that offers a driving experience similar to a combustion engine, such as long range and short charging or filling times. Price is also a primary concern. The cost of electric vehicle ownership is currently high relative to vehicles with traditional drivetrains , yet can be offset when government incentives are leveraged. E-mobility infrastructure is still needed. Consumers rank not having access to efficient EV charging stations as the third most serious barrier behind price and driving range. Battery cost Lack of standardization Very few academic and local skill awareness Less performance Will increase the electricity demand at a national level Environmental concerns Module 5: EVs Business

16. Connected Mobility & Autonomous Mobility : Connected Vehicles (CVs) are those equipped with advanced communication technologies that allow the exchange of information, through different communication channels, between the various elements of the transport system. Experts generally talk about Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) to describe future connectivity, which includes the following: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technologies for exchanging data between vehicles, in order, for example, to provide and receive alerts on traffic conditions. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) technologies for exchanging data between vehicles and infrastructure, to allow vehicles to be warned about situations of danger due to accidents and, eventually, to adapt driving to the environment, for example, when accessing areas with speed limits or any other traffic restrictions; Module 5: EVs Business

17. Vehicle-to-People (V2P) technologies for exchanging data between vehicles and smart phones (or dedicated devices) in order to receive information about activities taking place nearby; Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) technologies for exchanging data between vehicles and the Traffic Control Centre (TCC) and receiving real-time information on traffic conditions Module 5: EVs Business

18. The classification most used to describe the degree of automation of a vehicle is that defined in standards by the International Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Level 0. No Automation : the driver performs all driving tasks; Level 1. Driver Assistance : vehicle is guided by driver, but some driving-assist features may be included in the vehicle; Level 2. Partial Automation : vehicle has combined automated functions, like acceleration and steering, but the driver must maintain control of all driving tasks and monitor the environment at all times; Level 3. Conditional Automation : vehicle can run autonomously, but the driver must be ready to take control of the vehicle at all times with notice; Level 4. High Automation : vehicle is capable of performing all driving functions under certain conditions, but the driver has the option to take control of vehicle; Level 5. Full Automation : vehicle is capable of performing all driving functions under all conditions, but the driver may have the option to control the vehicle Module 5: EVs Business

19. Module 5: EVs Business Today's cars are generally equipped with SAE Level 1 and 2 features, commonly referred as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), such as park assist, cruise control, adaptive front lights, and lane keeping assist.

20. ROAD MAP FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EV POLICY /DEPLOYING EV IN SMART CITIES: A large-scale transition, across a wide spectrum of vehicles, will be difficult to achieve in the short run. A phased strategy will be needed, typically comprising of a pilot phase, a scale up phase and a self-propelled phase. Pilot phase – where an initial set of vehicles, routes and organizations are identified for adoption of electrification to create visibility and demonstrate the feasibility of electric vehicles. This phase has to be short. It will primarily involve direct action by the Government and Government agencies to have an initial nucleus of electric vehicles on the road. Module 5: EVs Business

21. Scale-up phase - where incentives and other regulatory strategies will persuade market based action that will lead to a higher number of electric vehicles getting registered till a tipping point is reached – this could last for 3 – 4 years. Self-propelled phase - where the technology has established itself and people take to it in the normal course. Module 5: EVs Business

22. Figure 2 .shows the three phases, their timeline and guiding principles. Module 5: EVs Business

23. Pilot phase actions: This phase seeks to create a demonstration of the feasibility of EVs through direct action by the Government and Government agencies. More specifically, the following actions need to be taken up during this pilot phase: Have a nucleus of EVs on the road: Register a pilot set of electric vehicles, primarily those to be used by Government agencies and use them extensively to demonstrate the feasibility of EV use. Identify a pilot set of routes for operating electric buses and have the State Transport Corporation run such buses on these routes. Identify a pilot set of organizations that can also run electric vehicles to enhance the demonstration effect. Module 5: EVs Business

24. Specific actions required for operationalizing pilots Awareness campaigns Institutional arrangements Create capacity for the EV manufacturing ecosystem Other actions required during the pilot phase Signalling Demand Re-inventing the power grid Setting up a wide network of charging and swapping infrastructure Manufacturing and Workforce skill development Financing charging and swapping infrastructure Financing purchase of vehicles Module 5: EVs Business

25. Scale up phase: The scale up phase will require a bouquet of incentives and other regulatory measures that persuade market-based action towards electric mobility. The types of vehicles that will be good to target for electrification during the scale up phase will be the following: Buses Two-wheelers Shared car fleets Three-wheelers Urban freight vehicles Personal motor vehicle owners Module 5: EVs Business

26. Self-propelled phase: In the self-propelled phase, all components of the electric mobility eco-system will function as sound business propositions and should not need any special treatment vis a vis other technology. The role of the government will primarily be on enforcing policies and mandates and amend them if needed such that the electric mobility market is competitive and fair. The state should focus on periodically revising its technology standards so that the best available technology is put to use. Module 5: EVs Business

27. The Social Dimensions of Evs : What are the social challenges posed by a world full of EVs ? Why should governments be careful while designing incentive schemes ?  Recognizing the important role played by public values while designing schemes for provision of essential services Defining the meaning of mobility Differentiating between social challenges to mobility services in urban and rural areas Recognizing the importance of autonomous EVs as a mobility solution Describing the challenge posed by cyber-security in a world with EVs Describing the challenge posed by data privacy in a world with EVs Recognizing the social challenges to be kept in mind while designing stimulation schemes Understanding what factors influence the users choice to buy an electric vehicle Module 5: EVs Business

28. “ Electric vehicle to be next generation transportation system in India” justify. The increasing level of air pollution in Indian cities has been a cause of concern for policymakers. More than 25 Indian cities are within the 100 most polluted cities in the World. The cause of growing air pollution in cities is related to a variety of sources however transport sector makes a significant contribution. It is important the emissions from the transport sector are minimized. Electric vehicles have been seen as a promising technology option and several national governments have successfully implemented policies to promote the technology. Indian government under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri . Narendra Modi is keen to promote electric vehicles as green mobility options and is also considering it as a viable solution to reduce air pollution in cities. The many States have actively announced policies incentivizing and facilitating the use and manufacturing of Electric Vehicles. The government has announced an outlay of ₹10,000 crores for Phase 2 of the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, or FAME 2 scheme, to boost electric mobility and increase the number of electric vehicles in commercial fleets. The government, in a recent move, has approved green license plates for electric vehicles in order to encourage people to use them. The purpose behind is their easy identification for proposed benefits such as concessional toll, preferential treatment for parking, and free entry in congested zones.

29. Contd. Evolving The National Strategy: 2015 Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME-India) Scheme was launched under National Mission on Electric Mobility in 2011 to encourage progressive induction of reliable, affordable and efficient electric and hybrid vehicles ( xEV ). 2019 Government has approved  Phase-II of FAME  Scheme with an outlay of  ₹10,000 Crore for a period of 3 years commencing from 1st April 2019.