Electroanalysis of paracetamol drug.pptx

The detection techniques of paracetamol has been discussed.

1. Electro-analysis of Paracetamol

2. What is Paracetamol? Formula: C 8 H 9 NO 2 IUPAC Name : N-(4- hydroxyphenyl) acetamide Also known as N-acetyl-p-aminophenol or acetaminophen Non-opioid Antipyretic & Analgesic Drug Can treat : Headache Fever & cold Muscle ache Arthritis Backache Toothache

3. History In 1877, Harmon Northrop Morse synthesized paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of p-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid. In 1887 , clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. It was used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug. In 1893, Von Mering reported phenacetin , another aniline derivative that acted same as paracetamol. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Paracetamol was first marketed in tablet form at United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic , a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Phenacetin was banned due to its analgesic abuse nephropathy. In 1963 , paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and available worldwide with a few side effects. In June 2009 , an FDA advisory committee recommended that the maximum single adult dosage would be decreased from 1000 mg to 650 mg to help protect people from the potential toxic effects.

4. Doses of paracetamol WHO has recommended doses of paracetamol that is different for adults and children. It is according to age and weight. Overdose may cause (Paracetamol poisoning): Liver disorder Skin rashes Inflammation of the pancreas Hepatoxicity Nephrotoxicity Regularly taking slightly more dose of paracetamol for long term can cause death

5. Symptoms of overdose Nausea Vomiting Sweating Stomach pain Loss of appetite Dark urine Yellow skin Tiredness Confusion

6. Detection of Paracetamol Spectrophotometry HPLC Titrimetry Chemiluminescence

7. Electroanalytical methods A class of techniques in analytical chemistry used to study an analyte by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte. Four major methods: Potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured) Amperometry (electric current is the analytical signal) Coulometry (charge passed during a certain time is recorded) Voltammetry (the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential)

8. Why Electroanalytical Techniques….? Extreme simplicity High sensitivity Short analysis time Low cost Convenient & versatile

9. Electro-oxidation of paracetamol 9

10. How it works…? * Boumya et al., J. Pharm. Anal. 2021, 11(2):138-154.

11. Commonly used modification procedures Methods Advantages Disadvantages Paste mixing Simple operation, easy access to the equipment, and low cost. Greater stability than coated film. Needs care supervision to achieve reproducibility. Difficult to control paste uniformity. Drop-casting Inexpensive method. Quick and easy Can produce relatively thick films. Films are not uniform. Controlling the thickness, porosity of film in large areas is difficult. The material must be soluble. Electrodeposition Cost-effective and time-saving. Easy to implement. Precise control on film thickness and uniformity. Process set up, current or voltage required. Setup and handling are more complicated than other direct deposition-based methods. Electrochemical polymerization Ease of synthesis. Reproducible control over film thickness. Ability to use diverse electrode geometries. Difficult to remove film from electrode surface. Post-covalent modification of bulk modifier is difficult.

12. Various sensing materials used in the determination of paracetamol * Boumya et al., J. Pharm. Anal. 2021, 11(2):138-154.

13. Working electrode Modifications Methods Linearity ( µM) LOD ( µM) Application/recovery % Reference CPE MWCNTs SWV 2–400 0.8 Urine/101.25, 101.46 Keyvanfard et al. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2013;33:811–816. GCE GO Amperometry 0.1–430 0.021 Human serum/99.6–99.9 Alagarsamy et al. Int. J. Electrochem . Sci. 2018;13:7930–7938. GCE MWCNTs SWV 0.0002–15 0.00009 Tablet/99 Kutluay et al. Sens. Actuators B Chem . 2013;185:398–404. GCE N-CQDs DPV 0.5–600 0.157 Tablets/95.07–98.56 Fu et al. Microchim . Acta. 2018;185:87. GCE RGO-Fe 2 O 3 DPV 0.1–74 0.0021 Tables/96.20–99.00 Urine/98.9–100.5 Palakollu et al. Arab. J. Chem. 2020;13:4350–4357 Spectrophotometric Method 0-10 Tablet/97.8 to 103.4 Shrestha et al., J Nepal Chem Soc, 24 (2009) 39-44. HPLC method 0.19 Tablet/101 Attimarad M. Pharm Methods. 2011 Jan-Mar; 2(1): 61–66. Comparative chart

14. Voltammetric determination of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine using glassy carbon paste electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide *Farag, A.S. ANAL. SCI.   38 , 1213–1220 (2022).

15. Cyclic voltammetry *Tang et al. Rare Met. 41, 189–198 (2022).