Together with the crystallographic coordinate system that is not orthogonal for all
classes of crystals, theorthogonalcoordinate system, with axes denoted by eitherX,
Y, andZ, or 1, 2, and 3, is selected to describe the physical properties of crystals. In
this case, the symmetry axes or normals to planes of symmetry are chosen as
coordinate axes.
For example, in monoclinic syngony, theY-axis is oriented along a single axis of
the second order, or along a direction perpendicular to the single plane of symmetry.
The remaining two axesXandZcan be chosen arbitrarily, usually by a “binding” to
the most advanced face or edge of a crystal. In the orthorhombic system, the crys-
tallographic axis must be directed along the axes of second order, or perpendicular to
the plane of symmetrym. In the classmm2, the symmetry axis is defined as axisZ; for
a tetragonal crystal, theZ-axis is the axis of the fourth order.
In all classes of point symmetry, theX- andY-axes (except for 4,
4, and 4/m,where
they are chosen randomly) are oriented along twofold axes or perpendicular to the
plane of symmetrym. In the hexagonal system, theZ-axis is oriented along the axis
of symmetry of the highest order. In classes 3mand6m2, theX-axis must be directed
perpendicular to the plane of symmetry. In cubic crystals, the axis 2 is selected as
Z-axis (for classes 23 andm3), or 4-axis and4-axis (for other classes). TheX-and
Y-axes are oriented along the axes of symmetry. Importantly, in all cases theX-axis
and theY-axis are selected in such a way as to form theright-handcoordinate system.
In case of any spatial lattice symmetry, the size of the unit cell (a
1,a2, anda 3)is
selected as a scale (individual segments). Coordinates of any point of crystal are
uniquely determined by the direction of the symbol.
Thecrystallographic directionis a direction of line that runs at least two lattice
points. One of these points can be taken as the origin: [000]. The crystallographic
directionris completely determined by aligning on it the lattice point closest to
the origin, and it is denoted as [mnp], wherem, n,andpare theMiller indices.
The vectorRthat coincides with the given direction can be written as:
R¼ma 1+na2+pa3:
Irrespective of the angle between the coordinate axes, the crystallographic axes must
follow Miller indices: theX-axis is [100], the axisYis [010], while theZ-axis is
[001]. The indices of axes are written in square brackets. The position (orientation)
of each face of a crystal can be described by using the ratio of unit segmentsa, b,and
cto segmentsA, B,andCthat cut off axes by a given face (Fig. 1.16). The set of
relationsa/A, b/B, andc/Ccan always be expressed as the ratio of integersa/A:b/
B:c/C¼h:k:l.These three numbersh, k, andldetermine the position of each edge
of the crystal, and they are commonly calledMiller indices of edge, written in paren-
theses as (hkl).
In this description, the crystal face is displayed by the position of unit normalnto
it, while a set of Miller indices is the component of the normal vectorNto a given
face relative to the basis of the reciprocal lattice of the crystal:b
1,b
2, andb
3, which is
also called thereciprocal basis; that is,
N5hb 1+kb2+lb3,
becausen 1:n2:n3¼A:B:C¼1/a:1/b:1/c.
231.2Symmetry of crystals