ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE.pptx

elements of climate

1. ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE BY: KIRTI GARG B.VOC[INTERIOR] 3 RD SEM

2. WHAT IS CLIMATE?? The average state of weather over a lengthy period of time is referred to as climate. Climate does not fluctuate frequently. Climate is dependent on larger areas such as the state or national territory. Weather records collected over a long period of time is used to forecast climate.

3. ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE SOLAR RADIATION TEMPERATURE AIR MASSES AIR PRESSURE OCEAN CURRENTS TOPOGRAPHY HUMIDITY PRECIPITATION

4. SOLAR RADIATION Solar radiation is probably the most important element of climate. Solar radiation first and foremost heats the Earth's surface which in turn determines the temperature of the air above. The receipt of solar radiation drives evaporation, so long as there is water available. Heating of the air determines its stability, which affects cloud development and precipitation. Unequal heating of the Earth's surface creates pressure gradients that result in wind.

5. TEMPERATURE Temperature is the degree of hotness or coolness of the atmosphere on a scale of one to ten. Temperature varies throughout the day due to the Earth's rotation and during the annual seasons due to the Earth's translational motion around the sun. It's usually expressed in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. A  thermometer  is a device that is used to measure temperature. As temperature influences other aspects of the weather, it is a critical factor in determining the weather.

6. AIR MASSES Air mass can be defined as a large air volume with uniform temperature and moisture. These masses can stretch thousands of miles horizontally over the Earth’s surface, and vertically from ground level to the stratosphere (10 miles) into the atmosphere. An air mass is formed whenever an atmosphere gets in touch with a large, relatively stable land or sea surface for long enough periods to receive the temperature and moisture of that surface. Air masses are commonly classified concerning the latitudes, and their continent or maritime source regions .

7. AIR PRESSURE The pressure formed by the weight of air in the Earth's atmosphere is known as  air pressure . It's also known as  barometric pressure , named after the device that measures air pressure. Air has weight, even if it isn't apparent, because it isn't empty. It's filled with nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and a few more gases in microscopic particles. Due to the gravitational force of the Earth, the weight of the particles in the air causes pressure. Because there is more air above the air near the ground, air pressure is higher.

8. OCEAN CURRENTS Ocean currents are the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind ( Coriolis Effect), and water density. Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and vertically. Horizontal movements are referred to as currents, while vertical changes are called upwellings or downwellings . This abiotic system is responsible for the transfer of heat, variations in biodiversity, and Earth’s climate system.

9. TOPOGRAPHY The topography is a major factor in climate, especially when it comes to rainfall. The higher the altitude, the more water vapour can be stored and the less likely it will be for the rain to fall. Soil type also has an effect on how high temperatures can reach during the day. Dry soil heats up faster than wet soil would, causing temperatures to rise quickly and maintain that heat for longer periods of time.

10. HUMIDITY Humidity is another weather element that cannot be seen but can be felt. It not only plays a big part in weather formation but also directly influence our physical comfort levels. Humidity is the  amount of water vapor  that is present in the atmosphere at any specific time. Water vapor is nothing more than water in a state of gas (after the liquid has evaporated). Although humidity and its effects can usually be felt, it is normally invisible to the naked eye. Humidity can be challenging to understand and interpret correctly. The  hygrometer  is the instrument used to measure wind speed.

11. PRECIPITATION Precipitation is  water in all its different states,  which is formed  after condensation  turned water vapor into its solid form, which falls to the ground after it becomes too heavy to stay suspended in the air. Precipitation can take the  form of rain, snow, hail, or graupel . Precipitation is primarily the result of evaporation and condensation. Instrument for Measuring Rainfall  :A  rain gauge  is the instrument used to measure rainfall. It is essentially a measured container that captures rain and measures the amount that falls over a set period of time.

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