Elements of programming

1. Reshma Raju [email protected] Reshma chippykutty twitter.com/username in.linkedin.com/in/ profilename 8547829221 ELEMENTS OF PROGRAMMING

2. Disclaimer: This presentation is prepared by trainees of baabtra as a part of mentoring program. This is not official document of baabtra –Mentoring Partner Baabtra -Mentoring Partner is the mentoring division of baabte System Technologies Pvt . Ltd

3. VARIABLES

4. VARIABLES A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable. The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore character. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore .

5. VARIABLE TYPES Type Description char Typically a single octet(one byte). This is an integer type. int The most natural size of integer for the machine. float A single-precision floating point value. double A double-precision floating point value. void Represents the absence of type.

6. SYNTAX AND EXAMPLE SYNTAX: type variable_list ; EXAMPLES: int i, j, k ; char c, ch ; float f, salary ; double d ;

7. DECISION MAKING STSTEMENT

8. if statement The if statement is a decision making statement. It is used to control the flow of execution and also used to test logically whether the condition is true or false. Syntax:- If(condition) { Statement; }

9. Example for if statement #include< stdio.h > OUTPUT void main () Enter the number :9 { The entered number 9 is less than 10 int i; printf ("Enter the number :"); scanf ("% d",&i ); if(i<10) { printf ("The entered number %d is less than 10",i); } }

10. If…..else statement The if....else statement is an extension of the simple if statement . The syntax is: if (condition) { True-block statement; } else { False-block statement; } If the condition is true, then the true-block statements are executed; otherwise the false-block statement are executed.  

11. Example for if….else statement #include< stdio.h > OUTPUT void main () Enter the number :50 { int i ; The entered number 50 is greater than 10 printf ("Enter the number :"); scanf ("% d",&i ); if(i<10) { printf (“\ nThe entered number %d is less than 10\ n", i ); } else { printf (“\ nThe entered number %d is greater than 10\ n", i ); } }

12. Nested If-else statement The nested if...else statement is used when program requires more than one test expression . The syntax is: if (test expression1) { statement to be executed if test expression1 is true ; } else if(test expression2 ) {statement to be executed if test expression1 is false and 2 is true ; } else if (test expression 3) { statement to be executed if text expression1 and 2 are false and 3 is true ; } . . else { statements to be executed if all test expressions are false; }

13. Example for Nested if-else statement # include < stdio.h > OUTPUT int main () Enter two integers :40 50 { Result: 50>40 int numb1, numb2; printf ("Enter two integers :"); scanf ("%d %d",&numb1,&numb2); if(numb1==numb2) //checking whether two integers are equal. printf ("Result: %d = %d",numb1,numb2); else if(numb1>numb2) //checking whether numb1 is greater than numb2. printf ("Result: %d > %d",numb1,numb2); else printf ("Result: %d > %d",numb2,numb1); }

14. Switch statement The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts to match the result to one of several possible cases. Each case contains a value and a list of statements Often a break statement is used as the last statement in each case's statement list A break statement causes control to transfer to the end of the switch statement If a break statement is not used, the flow of control will continue into the next case

15. Example for switch statement #include< stdio.h > void main() { int int_i ; // declare the variable int_i printf ("\n 1.Play game \n"); printf ("\n 2.Load game \n"); printf ("\n 3.Play multiplayer \n"); printf ("\n 4.Exit \n"); printf ("\n ENTER YOUR CHOICE:"); scanf ("\n %d",& int_i ); // store the integer variable switch( int_i ) // select the switch case statement { case 1: printf ("\n WELCOME PLAYER"); break; // break the case 1

16. case 2: printf ("\n WAIT WHILE THE GAME IS LOADING"); break; case 3: printf ("\n CONNECT YOUR PARTNERS") ; OUTPUT break ; 1. Play Game case 4 : 2. Load Game exit(0); //exit the function 3. Play Multiplayer 4. Exit default: ENTER YOUR CHOICE:2 printf ("\n INVALID") ; break ; WAIT WHILE THE GAME IS LOADING } }

17. Ternary condition Syntax : expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3 expression1 is  Condition expression2 is Statement Followed if  Condition is True Expression3 is Statement Followed if  Condition is False

18. Example for ternary condition #include< stdio.h > int main() { int num ; printf ("Enter the Number : "); scanf ("%d",& num ); ( num%2==0)? printf ("Even"): printf ("Odd"); } OUTPUT Enter the number : 5 O dd

19. Break statement break statement is used to exit from a loop or a switch, control passing to the first  statement beyond the loop or a switch. Example for break statement #include< stdio.h > void main() { int i ; OUTPUT for(i=0;i<=10;i++) { 0 1 2 3 4 if(i==5) { break; } printf (" % d",i ); } }

20. Continue statement continue is similar to the break statement but it only works within loops where its effect  is to force an immediate jump to the loop control statement . Example for continue statement #include< stdio.h > void main() { int i ; OUTPUT for(i=0;i<10;i++) { 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 if(i==5 ) { continue; } printf (" % d",i ); } }

21. LOOP CONTROL STATEMENT

22. LOOP CONTROL STATEMENT   Loop control statements in C are used to perform looping operations until the given condition is true. Control comes out of the loop statements once condition becomes false . Types of loop control statements in C : There are 3 types of loop control statements in C language. They are , for while do-while

23. f or Loop A   for  loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times . The syntax of a  for  loop in C programming language is: for ( init ; condition; increment ) { statement(s ); }

24. Example of for loop # include < stdio.h > int main () OUTPUT { value of a: 10 for ( int a = 10; a < 20; a = a + 1 ) value of a: 11 { value of a: 12 printf ("value of a: %d\n", a ); value of a: 13 } value of a: 14 return 0; value of a: 15 } value of a: 16 value of a: 17 value of a: 18 value of a: 19

25. while loop A  while  loop statement in C programming language repeatedly executes a target statement as long as a given condition is true . The syntax of a  while  loop in C programming language is: while(condition ) { statement(s); }

26. Example of while loop # include < stdio.h > OUTPUT int main () value of a: 10 { value of a: 11 int a = 10; /* local variable definition */ value of a: 12 while ( a < 20 ) /* while loop execution */ value of a: 13 { value of a: 14 printf ("value of a: %d\n", a); value of a: 15 a ++; value of a: 16 } value of a: 17 return ; value of a: 18 } value of a: 19

27. do...while loop A   do...while  loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time. The syntax of a  do...while  loop in C programming language is: do { statement(s ); } while ( condition );

28. Example of do…while loop # include < stdio.h > OUTPUT int main () value of a: 10 { value of a: 11 int a = 10 ; /* local variable definition */ value of a: 12 d o /* do loop execution */ value of a: 13 { value of a: 14 printf ("value of a: %d\n", a ); value of a: 15 a = a + 1 ; value of a: 16 } value of a: 17 while ( a < 20 ); value of a: 18 return 0; value of a: 19 }

29. THANK YOU

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