Elements of research methodology

This will help the viewer to get information about research steps

1. UNIT – II Elements of Research Methodology ASST.PROF.RANJANI SHUKLA

2. Steps in Research Process - Identification Selection of the discipline: The discipline or subject in which one propose to do research may be selected e.g. Economics, Management, Technology, Psychology etc.  The selection of discipline is easy. One can select any subject, which one has studied thoroughly, and which has interested him most. 

3. STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS - IDENTIFICATION A particular aspect of the selected subject:  The second step is to select a particular aspect of the selected subject. For e.g. if the selected subject is Economics, then one may select Balance of payments, Comparison of different markets, performance of industrial sector etc. 

4. STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS - IDENTIFICATION Identifying two or more specific topics in the selected broad area :  This is the final step in identification of problem. This requires a grasp of the branch of the subject as a whole and awareness of work already done on it. 

5. Selection and formulation of research problem Formulation or selection of research problem is one of the important step of research process. A research problem is like the foundation of a building. The research problem serves as the foundation of a research study. If the foundation is well designed and strong you can expect the building to be also.  The research problem serves as the foundation of a research. 

6. SELECTION AND FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM When selecting a research problem there are a number of considerations to keep in mind which will help to ensure that your study will be manageable and that you remain motivated.  These considerations are:  Interest  Magnitude Measurement of concepts  Level of expertise Relevance Availability Ethical issues

7. Sources of research problem

8. Criteria of good research problem

9. CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM Internal Criteria Researcher's interest Researcher's competence Researcher's own resources

10. CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM

11. Review of literature

12. Review of literature

13. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

14. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ​ ​

15. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 

16. Formulation of hypothesis

17. FORMULATION OF  HYPOTHESIS

18. TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

19. DESCRIPTIVE HYPOTHESES These are propositions that describe the characteristics such as size form or distribution of a variable. The variable may be an object person organization situation or event. Some examples are: "The rate of unemployment among arts graduate is higher than the rate of Commerce graduates". "The educational system is not oriented to human resource needs of a country". "Public enterprises are you amenable for centralized planning".

20. RELATIONAL HYPOTHESES These are propositions which describe the relationship between two variables. The relationship suggested maybe positive or negative correlation or causal relationship. Some examples are: "Families with higher income spend more for recreation". "Participative management promotes motivation among executives" "The lower the rate of job turnover in a one group the higher the work productivity" "Upper class people have fewer children than lower class people"

21. WORKING HYPOTHESES

22. NULL HYPOTHESES

23. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES There are statements about a statistical population. These are derived from a sample. These are quantitative in nature in that they are numerically measurable for example, "Group A is older than Group B". Statistical hypotheses may be hypotheses of difference or hypothesis of association.  The latter specify the relations between variables. This association is measured by the coefficient of correlation, for example, if the coefficient of correlation between bonus and productivity is + 1.0 then there is a perfect positive relation between the bonus and productivity.

24. RESEARCH DESIGN OR PLAN

25. RESEARCH DESIGN OR PLAN

26. ESSEANTIALS OF A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

27. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

28. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN

29. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN

30. Descriptive Research Design

31. Causal or Experimental Research Design

32. CAUSAL OR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Test marketing is the most suitable example of experimental marketing in which the independent variable like price, product, promotional efforts, etc., are manipulated (changed) to measure its impact on the dependent variables, such as sales, profits, brand loyalty, competitive strengths product differentiation and so on.

33. COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

34. COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

35. Secondary Sources These are sources containing data which have been collected and compiled for another purpose The secondary sources consists of readily available compedia and already compiled statistical statements and reports whose data may be used by researchers for their studies.  For examples, census reports, annual reports and financial statements of companies, statistical statements, reports of government departments, annual reports on currency and finance published by Reserve Bank of India, statistical statements relating to cooperatives and Regional Rural Banks published by the NABARD, reports of National Sample Survey Organization, reports of trade associations, publications of International Organizations such as UNO, IMF, World Bank, ILO, WHO etc. Trade and Financial Journals, newspapers etc.

36. SECONDARY SOURCES Secondary sources consists of not only published records and reports, but also unpublished records.  The latter category includes various records and registers maintained by firms and organizations, e.g. accounting and financial records, personnel records, register of members, minutes of meetings, inventory records etc. 

37. PRIMARY SOURCES

38. METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

39. Interpretation and report writing

40. REPORT WRITING The purpose of the written report is to present the results of your research, but more importantly to provide a persuasive argument to reader of what you have found. 

41. USE OF WEB SEARCH IN RESEARCH PROCESS https://www.universalclass.com/articles/writing/research-skills/how-to-use-internet-search-engines-for-research.htm

42. USE OF ADVANCED TECHNIQUES INFLIBNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR E – Shodhganga Researchgate

43. ANY QUESTIONS?