Emergance of Macrolides Resistance of ba

Emergance of Macrolides Resistance Bacteria after COVID-19.pptx

1. Emergence of Macrolides Resistance Bacteria after COVID-19 Prepared By: Lamees Zaro Aysha Omar Dr. Murad Ibrahim & Dr. Afnan Attallah Al-Quds University Faculty of Graduate Studies Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences May 11 th , 2024

2. Introduction Macrolides are Hydrophobic compound. Composed of a macro-cyclic lactone of different ring sizes. To which one or more deoxy sugar or amino sugar residues are attached. Macrolides have an antibiotics or an antifungal properties in the usage of pharmaceuticals antimicrobial therapy.

3. The Macrolides Classification A zithromycin C larithromycin E rythromycin

4. Macrolides A re first-line agents commonly used to for: T he treatment of infectious disease like pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis . T he treatment of uncomplicated skin infections and otitis media in pediatric patients. T reat sexually transmitted infections such as gonococcal and chlamydial infections.

5. Macrolides Uses

6. Macrolides Macrolides antibiotics display bacteriostatic activity against to combat respiratory diseases caused by gram-positive pathogens and fastidious gram-negative pathogens. Broad spectrum than Penicillin especially when patient has allergy Are primary drugs used to treat a typical pneumonia like Mycoplasma pneumoniae ,  Legionella , and  Chlamydia pneumoniae . Use as palliative drug for COVID-19 patients.

7. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19 ) COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The first known case was identified in Wuhan-China, in December 2019. The disease quickly spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.

8. COVID-19 Symptoms

9. Antimicrobial S tewardship Use antibiotic in severe cases with COVID-19 to control symptoms. Use antibiotics when confirmed bacterial co-infection and secondary infection.

10. Malik, S.S. & Mundra , S.(2023) Antimicrobial during COVID-19

11. Usage of A ntibiotics According to Severity Malik, S.S. & Mundra , S.(2023) Antimicrobial during COVID-19

12. Most studies showed that; Secondary bacterial infections and co-infections with COVID-19 ranging from 7.2% – 8.5%. 88% of patients are receive antibiotic drugs. During COVID-19

13. Macrolides during COVID-19 Azithromycin was the second most prescribed treatment for SARS-CoV-2 virus. Has immunomodulatory action. Down regulate cytokine production. Maintain epithelial cell integrity. Prevent lung fibrosis.

14. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Due to overuse of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic. T he self-medication behavior for SARS-CoV-2 increased up to 88% without doing a COVID-19 test. T he widespread administration of broad-spectrum empirical antibiotic in the treatment of COVID-19 (Especially Macrolides).

15. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Antimicrobial Resistance it; R esponsible for five million deaths every year. I t consider a global issue even with COVID-19. B acterial or fungal infections in COVID-19 patients: Relatively low. A ntibiotic usage is high. So the COVID-19 is exacerbating AMR

16. The Resistance of Macrolides The most common resistance mechanism in the bacterial pathogens are; E fflux pump of the antibiotic . T arget-site modification by methylation . D rug inactivation

17. Mycoplasma pneumoniae   is a prevalent pathogen cause of respiratory tract infections especially in children and young adults have a significant portion of community acquired pneumonia. Macrolides are the recommended first-line antibiotics for treatment for it. B ut the emergence of macrolide-resistant MP has become a significant concern. Examples

18. Examples A study in China found a high incidence 85% of macrolide resistance among patient with respiratory infection. Another study in China showed that the resistance rates up to 90% in children with  M. pneumoniae  infection increasing during COVID-19 pandemic .

19. Conclusion The Emergence of Macrolides R esistance after COVID-19 is due to Failure follow stewardship of antibiotics. Less awareness about over use of antibiotics. Lack monitoring at pharmacies.