Emergencies and Disaster. Definition and classification, factors giving rise to emergencies situation in disaster, majority nutritional deficiencies during disaster

This is about emergencies and disaster, what are emergencies and disaster and ithe types,and what are the component which lead to the emergencies and disaster situation, and what type of disease or deficiencies is senn during emergencies and disaster and hiw to treat that deficiencies

1. Subtitle Emergencies and Disasters ISMATH UNNISA SOFIYA M.Sc. Nutrition and dietetics (Final year) SAROJINI NAIDU VANITA MAHA VIDHYALAYA

2. CONTENT….. DEFINITION OF DISATER AND EMERGENCIES CLASSIFICATION FACTORS GIVING RISE TO EMERGENCIES SITUATION IN DISASTERS MAJOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASE PROBLEM IN EMERGENCIES AND DISASTER

3. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER & EMERGENCIES Disaster , as defined by the UN, is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society which involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts that exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resource. Emergencies, as defined by the WHO, as the state in which normal procedures are interrupted, and immediate measures (management) to be taken to prevent it from becoming a disaster, which even harder to recover from.

4. CLASSIFICATION

5. Climatological disaster: hot waves, cold waves, forest fires EARTHQUAKE CYCLONE FLOODS FAMINE DROUGHT EPIDEMICS

6. CHEMICAL SPILLS POLITICAL EMERGENCIES CIVIL WARS DEFORESTATION

7. FAMINE.. The Great Famine, also known as the Great Hunger, the Famine and the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland lasting from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a historical social crisis and had a major impact on Irish society and history as a whole Famine is a situation in which a substantial proportion of the population of a country or region are unable to access adequate food , resulting in widespread acute malnutrition and loss of life by starvation and disease . Famine can stem from a combination of multiple factors, such as conflict, displacement, chronic poverty, food insecurity, natural disasters and climate change.

8. DROUGHT Drought is a prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the world. It is a slow-onset disaster characterized by the lack of precipitation, resulting in a water shortage. Drought can have a serious impact on health, agriculture, economies, energy and the environment. Drought may have acute and  chronic health effects , including:  Malnutrition; increased risk of infectious diseases .   On 22 May, the Government of Namibia declared the State of Emergency following the worst drought that the country has experienced in 100 years. Between April and June 2024, an estimated 1.2 million people (40 percent of the analyzed population) in Namibia face high levels of acute food insecurity  Reference: reliefweb.nimbia drought:may-24

9. FLOODS.. Floods have caused extensive damage in Beijing and northern China, killing 30 people and forcing tens of thousands to evacuate.   China floods: more than 30 killed in Beijing and tens of thousands evacuated Reference: http://www.theguardian.com.china flood. I ndia is highly vulnerable to floods . Out of the total geographical area of 329 million hectares (mha), more than 40 mha is flood prone. Floods are a recurrent phenomenon , which cause huge loss of lives  and damage to livelihood systems, property, infrastructure and public utilities . It is a cause for concern that flood related damages show an increasing trend.  This can be attributed to many reasons  including a steep increase in population, rapid urbanization growing developmental and economic activities in flood plains coupled with global warming.

10. EARTHQUAKE.. JAKARTA, Indonesia –  On 28 September 2018, a 7.4 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Indonesia triggered a tsunami, affecting around 1.5 million people on the island of Sulawesi. REFERENCE: UNICEF Earthquakes can strike suddenly and without warning. An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground , caused by movement between tectonic plates along a fault line in the earth’s crust . Earthquakes can result in the ground shaking, soil liquefaction, landslides, fissures, avalanches, fires and tsunamis.  H ealth impacts include: trauma-related deaths and injuries; secondary infection of untreated wounds; increased morbidity and risk of complications related to pregnancy; potential risk of communicable diseases.

11. CYCLONE… May 2019, Odisha: Almost 100 people were killed when the strongest cyclone to hit India in five years, named Fani, made landfall in Odisha. Authorities said many more would have died if 1.2 million people had not been evacuated before the cyclone struck. REFERENCE:  https://www.deccanherald.com/india/deadliest-cyclones-to-have-hit-india-in-recent-decades-1227699.html Tropical cyclones, also known as typhoons or hurricanes, are among the most destructive weather phenomena. They are intense circular storms that originate over warm tropical oceans, and have maximum sustained wind speeds exceeding 119 kilometers per hour and heavy rains. When tropical cyclones cause floods and sea surges, the risk of drowning and water- or vector-borne diseases increase. Additionally, flood waters may contain sewage and chemicals, hide sharp objects made of metal or glass and electrical lines, or host dangerous snakes or reptiles, which can cause diseases, injuries, electrocution and bites. D amaging basic infrastructure, such as food and water supplies and safe shelter.

12. CIVIL WAR.. The Civil War was America's bloodiest and most divisive conflict, pitting the Union Army against the Confederate States of America. The war resulted in the deaths of more than 620,000 people, with millions more injured and the South left in ruins. REFERENCE: http//:history.com/topic/American-civil- war A  civil war  is a  war  between organized groups within the same  st ate (or  country ). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve  independence   for a region, or to change government policies . C ivil wars have severe effects on healthcare s ystem , increasing the numbers of morbidity, injuries, disabilities, mortality rates, and mental problems.

13. POLITICAL EMERGENCIES.. INDIA (1975-77): Prime minister Indira Gandhi declared a National Emergency in India citing internal disturbance, civil liberties and press freedom were cultured (50 yrs) A political emergency is a situation where a government suspends normal constitutional process and civil liberties due to threats such as internal unrest, political stability, or external aggression. It often leads to extraordinary powers being concentrated in the executive branch, restriction on opposition. Impact of political emergencies health Disruption of healthcare services. Increased physical & mental health problems Malnutrition and food insecurity. Displacement and refugee health risks. Breakdown of public health.

14. EMERGENCY CO DE S C odes are a set of color-coded emergency signals that use to convey critical information quickly and efficiently .

15. KEY GLOBAL INSTITUTION AND PROGRAMS ADDRESSING EMERGENCIES /DISASTERS

16. MAJOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCES DURING EMERGENCIES AND DISASTER. PEM IRON IODINE VITAMIN A

17. MAJOR NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY DISEASE/ PROBLEM IN EMERGENCIES AND DISASTER- PEM PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM) is likely to be a major health problem and a leading cause, directly or indirectly, of death during an emergency. Children under 5 years of age are usually the worst affected, but older children and adults are often also affected or at risk. The condition takes several forms: MARASMUS MARASMIC KWASHIORKOR

18. CAUSES and CONSEQUENCES of PEM CAUSES OF PEM Results from lack of food or infection causing loss of appetite. Infection increases nutrient requirements and losses. Children between 12 & 36 months are especially at risk since they are the most vulnerable to infections such as gastroenteritis & measles. Improper/inadequate food intake Food faddism Diseases/ Inadequate absorption of food Metabolic abnormalities Deficient supply of food Emotional factors

19. CONSEQUENCES OF PEM Short-term & long-term physical & mental effects, include growth retardation, lowered resistance to infections, & increased mortality rate In emergencies acute form of PEM have to be dealt, characterized by a rapid weight loss affecting children, adolescent and adults. In many emergencies, only small portion of the population shows clinical sign of severe PEM. Moderate nutrition, if untreated, can become severe with high case-fatality(especially kwashiorkor). Even after treatment death can occur from electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, or complicating infections.

20. TREATMENT OF PEM DURING EMERGENCIES Severe acute malnutrition is when a person is extremely thin and at risk of dying. They need immediate treatment. The response to acute malnutrition is broad and includes several elements such as medical, food, water and hygiene, and social services. Children who still have an appetite can stay at home and receive outpatient care. They need treatment with specially-formulated foods, and their recovery must be monitored regularly by a trained health worker. Children who have medical problems and do not have an appetite need inpatient care in a clinic or hospital. They need specially-formulated milks and treatment for infections or other potential complications.

21. INITIAL TREATMENT PHASE .. During the acute phase ( 1-2 days ) the main concern are treatment and prevention of DEHYDRATION INFECTION SEPTIC SHOCK HYPOTHERMIA & HYPOGLYCEMIA ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE

22. CONSTITUTE F-75 F-100 Energy 75 kcals 100 kcals Protein 0.9 g 2.9 g Lactose 1.3 g 4.2 g Potassium 3.6 mmol 5.9 mmol Sodium 0.6 mmol 1.9 mmol Magnesium 0.43 mmol 0.73 mmol Zinc 2.0 mg 2.3 mg Copper 0.25 mg 0.25 mg % Energy from proteins 5% 12% % Energy from fat 32% 53% Osmolarity 333 mOsmol/l 419 mOsmol/l F-75 & F-100 DIET COMPOSITION PER 100 ml The main concern are: Frequent feeding in small amount (80-100 kcals /kg/day Formula diet (initially F-75) Nasogastric tube feeding if the child is too weak or has no appetite. During this phase oedema may be lost in subjects with kwashiorkor, whose body weight decreases is a favorable sign As soon as they can manage , they should progress to F-100 Liquid diet which can be continued to rehabilitation phase. REFERENCE: WHO-2000, The management of Nutrition in major emergencies, Geneva.

23. REHABILITATION PHASE.. The child is deemed to have entered the rehabilitation phase when his or her appetite has returned. At start: still deficient in protein & micronutrient (K, Mg, Fe, Zn) Must be given in increased amounts. Infant under 24 months of age can be exclusively on liquid or semi-liquid formulas. Older children - gradually introduction of solid foods. Rate of recovery depends on daily intake. The child should be encouraged and stimulated by constant care, social contact, and play. Usually, this phase last for 2-6 weeks.

24. Micronutrient deficiencies is an emergency situation are among the main causes of long-lasting or permanent disability, with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Micronutrient deficiencies.. Iron deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Iodine deficiency

25. Micronutrient deficiency prevention and control. Micronutrient deficiencies can easily develop during an emergency or be made worse if they are already present One way to meet the recommended daily intake of micronutrients is to provide foods fortified with micronutrients (2–3). Fortified foods, such as corn-soya blend, biscuits, vegetable oil enriched with vitamin A, and iodized salt, and iron are usually provided as part of food rations during emergencies. The aim is to avert micronutrient deficiencies or prevent them from getting worse among the affected population.

26. “Association between household food insecurity And underweight status among women in flood-prone regions of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.” JOURNAL: British medical journal (BMJ) open access. YEAR OF PUBLICATION: September 2025 AUTHORS: Sharif Uddin lotus.et.al. This study reveals a significant association between household food insecurity and underweight status, highlighting the major challenges faced by women living in food- prone areas of Bangladesh. These findings emphasise the urgent need to address household food insecurity to improve nutritional outcomes for women in vulnerable communities.

27. “Disaster M anagement in Flash Floods in Leh (Ladakh): A Case study.” JOURNAL : PMC PubMed Central YEAR OF PUBLICATION :2012 AUTHORS : Preeti Gupta.et.al. This study by Preeti Gupta et al. examines the 2010 flash floods in Leh, Ladakh, as a major natural disaster in a high-altitude, cold desert region of India. The flash floods, triggered by a sudden cloudburst on the night of 6 August 2010, caused severe destruction—resulting in over 230 deaths, hundreds missing, and extensive damage to infrastructure, health facilities, and livelihoods. Using field data and official reports, the study analyses the disaster response and management carried out by the civil administration, Indian Army, and local communities. It highlights the phases of emergency action—rescue, relief, and rehabilitation—and evaluates their effectiveness. The authors conclude that while coordinated efforts and military support significantly reduced the impact, the event exposed serious gaps in early warning systems, preparedness, and community awareness, underscoring the need for a stronger disaster management framework in such vulnerable regions .

28. REFERENCES: The Management of Nutrition in Major emergencies, WHO in collaboration with UNHCR, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies and WFP. WHO-2000, The management of Nutrition in major emergencies, Geneva. Part K, Textbook of Prevention and Social Medicines-26 th edition, 2021. https://www.unrefugees.org/news/famine-explained-definition-causes-and-facts . https://www.who.int/health-topics/drought#tab=tab_1 . https://ndma.gov.in/about-us/division/Ops-Commn . https://wmo.int/topics/tropical-cyclone#:~:text=Tropical%20cyclones%20are%20also%20called,dangerous%20natural%20hazards%2C%20after%20earthquakes . https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1122252/