EMERGENCY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT.pptx

IIIYR BSC NURSING

1. EMERGENCY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PREPARED BY : Mrs Bemina JA Assistant Professor ESIC College of Nursing Kalaburagi

2. Disaster Any destructive events that disrupts the normal functioning of a community. Ecologic disruptions or emergencies of a severity and magnitude that result in Deaths, Injuries, Illness And property damage that cannot be effectively managed using routine procedures or resources that require outside assistance .

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTER Predictability Controllability Speed of onset Length of forewarning Duration of impact Scope and intensity of impact.

4. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER Minimize the casualties. Prevent further casualties. Rescue the victims. First aid. Medical care. Reconstruction. Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of govt. Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose.

5. Organizations should function as an extension of their core business . Individuals are responsible for their own safety. Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events. Disaster management should recognize the difference between incidents and disasters. Disaster management operational arrangements are additional to and do not replace incident management operational arrangements. Planning must take account of the type of physical environment and the structure of the population . Disaster management arrangements must recognize the involvement and potential role of non- govt agencies .

6. Principles of Disaster Nursing Rapid assessment of the situation and of nursing care needs. Triage and initiation of life-saving measures first. The selected use of essential nursing interventions and the elimination of nonessential nursing activities. Evaluation of the environment and the mitigation or removal of any health hazards. Prevention of further injury or illness. Leadership in coordinating patient triage, care, and transport during times of crisis. The teaching, supervision, and utilization of auxiliary medical personnel and volunteers. Provision of understanding, compassion and emotional support to all victims and their families.

7. Types of Disaster 1.Natural- cause by natural or environmental forces. It includes Earthquakes, Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Volcanic Eruptions, Etc.

8. 2.Man Made/Human Generated The principal direct causes are identifiable human actions, deliberate or otherwise. It has three broad categories: Complex Emergencies, Technologic Emergencies, Disasters That Are Cause By Natural Hazards But Occur In Natural Settlements.

9. Complex emergencies: involve situations where populations suffer significant casualties as a result of war, civil strife, or other political conflict. Technologic emergencies: large number of people, property, community infrastructure, and economic welfare are directly and adversely affected by Major Industrial Accident, Unplanned Release Of Nuclear Energy And Fires Or Explosions From Hazardous Substances such as fuel, chemicals, or nuclear materials .

10. Medical Disaster- Is a catastrophic event that results in casualties that overwhelm the health care resources in that community

11. Goals of the Disaster Nursing To meet the immediate basic survival needs of populations affected by disasters. To identify the potential for a secondary disaster. To appraise both risks and resources in the environment. To correct inequalities in access to health care or appropriate resources. To empower survivors to participate in and advocate for their own health and well being. To respect cultural, lingual, and religious diversity in individuals and families and to apply this principle in all health promotion activities. To promote the highest achievable quality of life for survivors.

12. Health Effects of Disasters Premature deaths, illnesses, and injuries . Destroy the local health care infrastructure. Affect the psychological , emotional, and social well being of the population. Shortages of food and cause severe nutritional deficiencies. Create large population movements. Create environmental imbalances .

13. Disaster Planning Addresses the problems posed by various potential events, ranging in scale, from mass casualty incidents.

14. Types of Disaster Planning 1.Agent specific approach It’s a planning type that focuses on the preparedness on most likely threats to occur based on their geographic location. 2.All hazards approach Is a conceptual model for disaster preparedness that incorporates disaster management components that are consistent across all major types of disaster events to maximize resources, expenditures and planning efforts

15. Phases of a Disaster Pre-impact phase Impact phase Post-impact phase

16. PRE-IMPACT PHASE It is the initial phase of disaster, prior to the actual occurrence. A warning is given at the sign of the first possible danger to a community with the aid of weather networks and satellite many meteorological disasters can be predicted. The role of the nurse during this warning phase is to assist in preparing shelters and emergency aid stations and establishing contact with other emergency service group.

17. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS:- Is an ongoing multisectoral activity. Integral part of the national system responsible for developing plans and programs for Disaster Management, Prevention, Mitigation, Response, Rehabilitation And Reconstruction. Co-ordination of a variety of sectors to carry out

18. Co-ordination of a variety of sectors to carry out : i . Evaluation of risk. ii. Adopt standards and regulations. iii. Organize communication and response mechanism. iv. Ensure all the resources –ready & easily mobilised . v. Develop public education programs

19. IMPACT PHASE The impact phase occurs when the disaster actually happens. It is a time of enduring hardship or injury end of trying to survive. This is the time when the emergency operation center is established and put in operation. It serves as the center for communication and other government agencies of health tears care healthcare providers to staff shelters. Every shelter has a nurse as a member of disaster action team. The nurse is responsible for psychological support to victims in the shelter.

20. IMPACT PHASE: Search , rescue and first aid. Field care Triage Tagging Identification of dead.

21. POST – IMPACT PHASE Recovery begins during the emergency phase ends with the return of normal community order and functioning . The victims of disaster in go through four stages of emotional response. 1. Denial – during the stage the victims may deny the magnitude of the problem or have not fully registered. 2. Strong Emotional Response – in the second stage, the person is aware of the problem but regards it as overwhelming and unbearable. 3. Acceptance – During the third stage, the victim begins to accept the problems caused by the disaster and makes a concentrated effect to solve them. 4. Recovery – The fourth stage represent a recovery from the crisis reaction. Victims feel that they are back to normal.

22. POST-IMPACT PHASE: I. DISASTER RESPONSE :- Immediate reaction to disaster as the disaster is anticipated , or soon after it begins in order To Assess The Needs , Reduce The Suffering, Limit The Spread And Consequences Of The Disaster, Open Up The Way To Rehabilitation

23. Mass evacuation Search and rescue Emergency medical services Securing food and water Maintenance of law and order Implementing the disaster management plan. Setting up medical camps and mobilizing resources. Providing adequate shelter and sanitary facilities. Development of search and rescue team. Epidemiologic surveillance and disease control. Vaccination.

24. II.REHABILITATION:- Water supply Food supply Basic sanitation & personal hygiene. Vector control.

25. iii. Disaster mitigation:- This involves lessening the likely effects of the emergencies . These include depending upon the disaster, protection of vulnerable population and structure. For ex. Improving structural qualities of the schools , houses and such other buildings so that medical casualties can be minimized. similarly, ensuring the safety of health facilities and public health services including water supply and sewerage system to reduce the cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction. This mitigation complements the disaster preparedness and disaster response activities.

26. ADVANCED TRIAGE CATEGORIES CLASS I (EMERGENT) RED IMMEDIATE Victims with serious injuries that are life threatening but has a high probability of survival if they received immediate care. They require immediate surgery or other life-saving intervention, and have first priority for surgical teams or transport to advanced facilities; they “cannot wait” but are likely to survive with immediate treatment. “Critical; life threatening compromised airway, shock, hemorrhage”

27. CLASS II (URGENT) YELLOW DELAYED Victims who are seriously injured and whose life is not immediately threatened; and can delay transport and treatment for 2 hours. Their condition is stable for the moment but requires watching by trained persons and frequent re-triage, will need hospital care (and would receive immediate priority care under “normal” circumstances). “Major illness or injury;—open fracture, chest wound”

28. CLASS III (NON-URGENT) GREEN MINIMAL “Walking wounded,” the casualty requires medical attention when all higher priority patients have been evacuated, and may not require monitoring. Patients/victims whose care and transport may be delayed 2 hours or more. “minor injuries; walking wounded closed fracture, sprain, strain”

29. CLASS IV (EXPECTANT) BLACK EXPECTANT They are so severely injured that they will die of their injuries, possibly in hours or days (large-body burns, severe trauma, lethal radiation dose), or in life-threatening medical crisis that they are unlikely to survive given the care available (cardiac arrest, septic shock, severe head or chest wounds); They should be taken to a holding area and given painkillers as required to reduce suffering. “Dead or expected to die massive head injury, extensive full-thickness burns”

30. Organizing an effective Disaster System The nurse must be familiar with the personnel at the disaster scene and their roles and functions . A disaster scene is usually broken up into three zones- 1. Disaster zone 2. Treatment zone 3. Transport zone

31. 1.Disaster zone: • It is the actual location of the incident from where patient are to be removed as soon as possible. Majority of disaster personnel are sent to this zone initially. 2.Treatment zone: Nurses spend most of their time in their zone during a disaster, where equipment and personnel to carry out patient care are concentrated. Activities carried out in this zone includes. - Assessment of each patient - Treatment of injuries - Preparation for transport. 3.Transportation zone: • It should be situated directly next to the treatment zone so that ambulances and other vehicles can load patient and leave for hospitals. delivering appropriate patient care:

32. TRIAGE Golden hour Immediate or high priority. Delayed or medium priority. Minor or minimal or ambulatory patients. Expectant or least priority. Colour code. i . Priority – Red band – serious cases. ii. Priority – Yellow band – moderately severe cases. iii. Priority – Blue band – required admission to ward. iv. Priority – Green band – stable cases, first aid needed. v. Priority – Black band – dead.

33. Triage area must be equipped with the following Wheelchairs Stretchers Backboards IV poles Splints, bandages Emesis basins Disaster tags Pens Adhesive tape Oral airway Scissors Blankets Stethoscope Emergency trolley with equipment

34. MAJOR ROLES OF NURSE IN DISASTER 1. Define health needs of the affected groups 2. Establish priorities and objectives 3. Identify actual and potential public health problems 5. Determine resources needed to respond to the needs identified 6. Collaborate with other professional disciplines, governmental and non-governmental agencies 7. Maintain a unified chain of command

35. CONCLUSION Hardly a day now passes without news about a major or complex emergency happening in some part of the world. Disasters continue to strike and cause destruction in developing and developed countries about their vulnerability to occurrences that can gravely affect their day to day life and their future. Nurses in any location will be on the frontline as care giver and managers in the event of damaging disaster. So they need to have adequate knowledge and framing to work in such a unique, chaotic stressful situations and to identify and meet the complex, multifarious health needs of victims of disaster.

36. SUMMARY/EVALUATION Define the term Disaster and Disaster Nursing. Explain the type of disaster. Enlist the goals of disaster nursing. List down the principles of disaster nursing. Explain about phases of disaster. Explain disaster Management cycle and how to organize an effective disaster system Discuss about major roles of nurse in disaster.