EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT ACROSS THE HOSPITALS

EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OF HOSPITAL

1. EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT By Tanaya Ghosh Choudhury

2. Increasing load in the hospitals due to disasters People affected in terms of health dislocation are very large Demand for proper set up and planning of emergency services Apart from trauma and burn cases, patients with heart attack, kidney failure, breathlessness, pains and reactions, etc. are also received INTRODUCTION

3. Derived from Latin word ‘URGENS’ – pressing Term ‘emergency’ is frequently used especially in modern hospitals Medical Dictionary – Emergency refers to an unlooked for contingency or happening or a sudden demand for action or situation requiring prompt action. INTRODUCTION

4. Casualty – As defined by MoH , London means a patient who comes to the hospital unannounced with accidental injury and is seen and treated otherwise than at a consultative session. INTRODUCTION

5. INTRODUCTION Medical emergency is defined as a situation where the patient requires urgent and high quality medical care to prevent loss of life, limb or organ and initiate action for the restoration of normal healthy life.

6. INTRODUCTION Also defined as a condition determined clinically or perceived by the patient or his/her relatives as requiring immediate medical, dental or allied services failing which may result in loss of life or limb” WHO

7. INTRODUCTION The Emergency department is a very critical and sensitive unit of any hospital and is involved in the management of emergency cases. The emergency service brings about an interface between the hospital and the community, which is emotionally subcharged .

8. INTRODUCTION Quick and competent care can save lives and also reduce the severity and duration of illness. The emergency service provides immediate, emergency diagnostic and therapeutic care to the patients with: Injuries by accidents, or Sudden attacks of illness or exacerbation of disease.

9. INTRODUCTION These patients require immediate attention and treatment. Emergency patients receive resuscitation and life saving treatment. If the patient is serious it can make all the difference between life and death. High quality of outcome is expected by patients

10. INTRODUCTION The ED is also referred as casualty wing for emergency cases It should have a distinct entry independent of OPD main entry

11. INTRODUCTION To the patient high quality of outcome means; Right time Right care Right expertise Right attitude Right cost

12. INTRODUCTION “ The first and foremost requirement of a Casualty is that it should do the patient no harm” Florence Nightingale

13. INTRODUCTION It should be an independent department working round the clock . It should be located in the complex of the OPD for reasons of easy accessibility and sharing medical facilities with the OPD. It shall be on the ground floor of the hospital. Guidance to the route from main entrance to the doorways of reception hall shall be provided.

14. INTRODUCTION There should be an easy ambulance approach with sufficient space for free passage of vehicles and covered areas for alighting patients. The arrangements for reception of trolleys and walking patients should be close by. Waiting space also for persons accompanying the patients.

15. INTRODUCTION As accident cases are closely related with police department, a separate room for their use shall be provided in this area. toilet facilities for men and women vicinity. Therefore, ED provides round-the-clock, immediate diagnosis and treatment for illness of an urgent nature and injuries from accidents.

16. INTRODUCTION Emergency service is acquiring increasing importance due to modern problems arising out of urbanization and mechanization. Excellent services must be provided as the patients and their relatives are under emotional strain and subcharged with suspense and anxiety about the consequences.

17. Normal Life Physical Sudden Disruption Social Spiritual Mental Sudden feeling of restlessness Some form of disaster (Natural or Man-Made) Admitted to Emergency Sympathetic and Confident Doctors Diagnosis Treatment Making the Patient Confident Operation if Needed Relieved with advice to Visit OPD Treatment

18. Process Requirements Simple cases after administering preliminary treatment are discharged with instructions to attend OPD as follow up measure. Cases of serious nature are admitted in emergency wards to provide immediate medical care. Such patients are either discharged after 2-3 days or are transferred to permanent inpatient units. Percentage of Inpatient admissions from ED accounts for 20-25%

19. Centralized Emergency Services should be developed to deal with the increasing number of cases of accidents and injuries. The need to have such service should be considered as National Health Service priority keeping in view that: 50% of all categories of accident cases admitted are due to traffic accident. There is no organization efficient enough to deal with these large number of injuries and accident cases. Other Facts

20. 60% of deaths resulting from myocardial infarction occur within 1 hour of onset. With proper emergency care, percentage of coronory deaths which occur outside hospitals and can be prevented is 40% Other Facts

21. The hospital beds are inadequate to deal with this vast problem. An efficient transport system to lift the patients from the scene of accident does not exist. It has been realized that the most efficient treatment of accident cases should start from the scene of accident itself. Other Facts

22. It is necessary to have : An effective communication system . Speedy transportation of the accident victims for immediate first aid and resuscitation, starting from the place of accident. Coordination and harmonious working with the other hospitals, especially identified for this purpose. A multi-disciplinary approach for the treatment of poly trauma cases involving all the surgical and medical disciplines. Other Facts

23. Accident and emergency (A&E) departments are specialized to handle patients with acute emergencies that require urgent medical assessment and treatment. But it is found that these departments are becoming more of a popular venue for primary care . The significant increase of inappropriate attendance is considered as a serious threat to the healthcare system because of inefficient utilization of resources and depriving the true emergency cases of quality care. Other Facts

24. Core Design

25. TYPES OF EMERGENCY Surgeons have classified emergencies into following categories: First Emergency : what must be done within a few minutes or hour? Second Emergency: What must be done within 6 hours? Third Emergency: What must be done within 24 hrs?

26. This classification means delayed surgery for surgeon and not for resuscitator. Outdated classification Emergency to be classified taking into account rapidity of the outcome for different pathologies TYPES OF EMERGENCY

27. TYPES OF EMERGENCY Major Emergency Services: In general such facilities are provided in teaching and training hospitals. Basic Emergency Services: In all hospitals Stand by emergency services: Usually in primary healthcare set up.

28. Divided in two parts Outside the hospital Inside the hospital Outside services can again be divided into two groups: Alarm and communication system Ambulance services Types of Emergency Medical Services

29. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF SERVICES Emergencies of following type are received: Emergencies like coronary diseases, respiratory diseases, obstructions of gut, perforations and colics . Accidents – road or industry having lacerations, haemorrhage , sprains, dislocations, fractures, shock, falls, etc. Foreign bodies Burn of all types Dog bites and snake bites Mass causalities from food poisoning, drinks, riots, etc Medico-legal cases Cases of acute severe pain or distress Septic conditions Obstetric emergencies real or pseudo in nature Pseudo emergency cases - Pseudo emergency cases mostly includes fear of unknown, lack of competence of G.P., Easy accessibility, Stress and strain

30. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF SERVICES Managing accidents victims, Providing first aid, Treatment of minor injuries Referred to appropriate specialty or hospital, in case specialized care is necessary and cannot be provided in the hospital. Attending all medico-legal formalities, including documentation of clinical conditions and other particulars and liaison with the police. Attending the patients coming outside the routine outpatient working hours, and screening them for admission. Observing them for short period to determine whether they need admission, or Providing outpatient care. Briefing the relatives Maintaining records Training

31. Location, Accessibility and Layout Broadly the department should have the following: Consultation and examination room Equipped with: Doctors seating arrangement with office furniture. Examination Couch BP Instrument (Sphygmomanometer) Stethoscope Clinical Thermometer Torch

32. Procedure Room Equipped with facilities for minor procedures like suturing, Endotracheal Intubation, Dressing, Plaster, Catheterization, Ryles Tube. Operation Theatre Light Suction Machine Boiler Drip Stand Glucometer Treatment Room Equipped with DC Shock Machine Beds for treatment Cardiac Table Instruments for vaccination Toilet, and Waiting Area Location, Accessibility and Layout

33. Physical Facilities for 200-300 bedded emergency department S. No. Name of facility Number Size Area in Sq ft 1 Ambulance entrance 1 - - 2 Main entrance to casualty 1 8ft x 10ft 80 3 Waiting area 1 20ft x 20 ft 400 4 Reception 1 - 140 5 Examination cubicle 4 80 sq ft 320 6 Observation ward 10 beds 84 sq ft each 480 7 Emergency X-Ray Room 1 12 ft x 15 ft 180 8 Emergency Laboratory 1 12 ft x 15 ft 180 9 Treatment Room 1 12 ft x 15 ft 180

34. Physical Facilities for 200-300 bedded emergency department S. No. Name of facility Number Size Area in Sq ft 10 Fracture/ Plaster Room 1 12 ft x 10 ft 120 11 Doctor’s Duty Room 1 240 240 12 Nurse’s Duty Room 1 12 ft x 10 ft 120 13 ECG Technician’s Room 1 12 ft x 10 ft 120 14 Room for Gr C and D 1 12 ft x 10 ft 120 15 Store Room 1 12 ft x 10 ft 120 16 Staff toilets 2 8 ft x 10 ft 160 17 Water cooler 1 - - 18 Police Post 1 12 ft x 15 ft 180 19 Patient’s toilets 1 12ft x 15 ft 180

35. EQUIPMENTS Some of the equipments of ED: Ventilators Defibrillators Pulse Oximeter Drop Infusion Pump (Dosimeter) Suction Machine Laryngoscope Airway Cardiac Monitors Ambu Bag ECG Machine Portable X-Ray Machine Emergency Trolleys Splinting Equipments Stethoscope, Clinical Thermometer, Torch

36. Separate Counters Registration Charges Bed Charges REGISTRATION PROCEDURE FOR EMERGENCY CASES

37. On an average a patient is kept for 2 hrs in ED and then either he is discharged or admitted and shifted to respective ward. Average Time for ED Stay OPERATION THEATRE Minor operations are performed in the procedure room, which can be called minor operation theatre. I n case of any major operation such as Head Injury the operations are performed in main operation theatre of the hospital by the consultants.

38. Medical Cases Surgical Cases Diagnostic Services Vaccination Blood Transfusion Injections FACILITIES PROVIDED IN THE ED

39. Emergency Incharge (Senior Doctor) CMO in each shift Nurses (Diploma in Nursing and midwifery) Ward boys Sanitary Attendant STAFF DUTY ROASTERS Morning Duty 8am – 2 pm Evening Duty 2pm – 9 pm Night Duty 9 pm – 8 am

40. A new concept in emergency care has been introduced with the employment of “Scribes” who is member of nursing staff and whose function is; Taught to record physician’s findings as well as pertinent segments of the history while the patient is being interviewed and examined Scribe conveys the physician orders to other members of the team while the physician continues with other patients Scribes also prepares the prescription ordered by the physician to be ready for his signature STAFF

41. PATIENT FLOW Critical Patient Emergency Department Consultant Examines Payments and Registration at OPD Counter Vitals Checked Investigations (ECG, Blood Sugar Emergency Care given to patient (IV fluids, suction, etc) Treatment initiated Discharged Admitted to IPD

42. The equipment like ECG and Defibrillator etc. are present in the department and are in adequate numbers. The drugs like Injection Avil , Injection Lasix , Injection Adrenaline, Injection Rentac , Injection Reglan , Injection Regafortan , IV Dextrose and other fluids should be present. Whenever any item has to be procured from stores, sister Incharge should fill the indent form. Availability and Adequacy of Equipments, Drugs and other supplies

43. Doctor’s duty report with total history and treatment done on the patient and it is reported by the doctor on duty. Nurse’s Record Register – Stock register maintained by nurse Injection register maintained by nurse Thalassemia register maintained by Sister Incharge Vaccination Register Emergency OPD cases should be registered separately Trend of cases according to seasons should be monitored Dying declaration by Medical officer RECORDS MAINTAINED IN EMERGENCY DEPT

44. KEY PLANNING AND DESIGNING PARAMETERS Patient load is very important factor. Emergency patients account for 10% of all OPD cases ( jain Committee report) 25% should be added to current patient load to avoid overcrowding in the first 4-5 years of operation. 1 out of 8 beds are occupied by an injured patient. 1 of every 42 vehicles in the country meets with accidents. Percentage of beds to be allocated are 10% of total hospital inpatient beds . Need to rationalize and organize emergency services as close to community as possible. GOI planning, organizing and developing trauma services for control of RTAs

45. KEY PLANNING AND DESIGNING PARAMETERS The design and planning should be done so as not to impede the movement of patients and staff and equipment. The equipment should be located in designated spaces to be readily accessible when needed. It should provide privacy during management of patients. There should be minimum criss -crossing of patient traffic. A separate entrance and exit may be planned to facilitate unidirectional patient flow. It should provide easy access for ambulances, patients and general public.

46. KEY PLANNING AND DESIGNING PARAMETERS The entrance should be easily identifiable, protected from inclement weather and accessible to disabled patients. Depending on type and location of hospital a helipad may be planned. Ground level location is best since it avoids need for patient access by stairs or elevators, and provides easy access for patients and ambulances. It should ideally be situated near ICU and Operating Room . As a rule of thumb daily patient load of 100 in ED will require approx 1000 sq mtr of space .

47. KEY PLANNING AND DESIGNING PARAMETERS Patient waiting area should be welcoming, visually appealing and comfortable. There should be a readily identifiable triage area with expansion facilities for utilization during management of disasters. It should have acute care rooms arranged around the main nursing work area. It should have trauma rooms in proximity to the entrance. There should be effective day and night sign posting.

48. KEY PLANNING AND DESIGNING PARAMETERS Door should be wide enough to accommodate stretcher, trolleys and portable X-Ray machine. A door of width 1.8 m allows attendants to walk on either side of a stretcher or trolley. Clinical care areas should have exposure to maximum feasible day light. Safety and security of staff, patients and visitors. Each treatment area requires space of 15 m sq. The resuscitation room/bay should have space to accommodate specialized resuscitation bed, allow 360 degree access to all parts of the patient for facilitating procedures. Ceiling mounted power columns simplifies access of monitoring lines and devices.

49. Policy 1 Any patient seeking for emergency care irrespective of types of emergency will first report to this department. Here the patient will be assessed about the nature of illness and the treatment required for the management of the condition. After careful examination, needed care been provided, the patient will be either disposed off or be taken to the specific care treatment area and patient care will be given for further management of the disease. HOSPITAL POLICIES FOR ED

50. Policy 2 e.g. The department can accept any type of emergency except Medico-Legal Cases. Medico-Legal Cases are not accepted except for giving first aid. (hospital to hospital policy may vary) These cases include: Accident cases Poisoning cases (Suicidal, Homicidal) Burn cases The other cases that are not attended are: Infective cases Open tuberculosis cases Note: Medico legal cases load in an emergency department accounts for 20% of total workload and out of these 50% are RTAs HOSPITAL POLICIES FOR ED

51. Policy 3 The department has to attend to provide immediate relief and management of patients arriving at the hospital with acute medical and surgical emergency for e.g. Acute MI, Shock, Status Asthmatius , Acute Abdomen, etc. HOSPITAL POLICIES FOR ED

52. Policy 4 The department has to attend to the patients coming outside the routine outpatients working hours, and Screen them for admission Observe them for short period to determine whether they need admission Provide Outpatient Care HOSPITAL POLICIES FOR ED

53. Policy 5 The department has to see patients on Sundays as the OPD is closed on Sundays. Policy 6 The ED in order to deliver the above mentioned services has been and will be equipped with diagnostic and therapeutic equipment’s which are needed to manage critical patients. The purchase of new equipment will be through Central Purchase Committee (CPC) HOSPITAL POLICIES FOR ED

54. Policy 7 The ED will have trained medical and nursing professional to manage patients coming to it. Policy 8 The emergency department will avail the services of specialists and super-specialists associated with the hospital whenever the services are required for the management of the casualty cases. HOSPITAL POLICIES FOR ED

55. Policy 9 The ED will provide ambulance services for bringing the patients to the hospital. Policy 10 the patient will be received and brought in to the emergency department by the ward boys on the stretcher if the patient is non ambulatory. HOSPITAL POLICIES FOR ED

56. Availability of Quality manual Procedure for receiving patient Well rehearsed protocols Admission of the patient and transfer to the ward Recording the case details Valuables of the patients Patient refusing the admission Medico legal cases Disaster plan Triaging Protocol for death cases Procedure for calling Consultants on call Daily check of all medical items Control of narcotic, cytotoxic drugs Equipment checks on daily basis Schedule of charges Periodic audit Quality of the process of care

57. Response time for dispatch of ambulance when asked for Response time of the consultant Time taken for treatment and starting the definitive treatment Death rate in A & E department Length of stay on observation beds and emergency ward beds both Satisfaction level of patients and attendants Type of cases received in emergency Daily attendance and percentage of cases admitted Response time of code blue team Employee satisfaction Measuring Quality for A & E services

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